Juvenile Probationers, Restitution Payments, and Empathy: An Evaluation of a Restorative Justice Based Program in Northeastern Pennsylvania
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2014.03.32Keywords:
Restitution, community corrections, restorative justice, juvenile probation.Abstract
Restitution programs are widely used to hold offenders accountable for their actions while providing restoration to victims and community service. However, compliance with restitution requirements is a major problem, as reported by juvenile probation offices across the country. The Firewood Program was developed for juvenile probationers in a rural Pennsylvania county to improve the completion rate of restitution payments to victims and provide community service. This study examines the effectiveness of the restitution program, which was measured as an increase in the offender’s level of empathy and shorter completion times of restitution payments.
References
Bazemore, G. & Elis, L. (2007). Evaluation of restorative justice. In Johnstone, G. and Van Ness, D. (Eds.), Handbook of restorative justice (pp. 397- 425). Willian Publishing.
Bazemore, G & Maloney, D. (1994). Rehabilitating community service toward restorative service sanctions in a balanced system. Federal Probation, 58(1), 24-35. Retrieved from: http://www.uscourts.gov/FederalCourts/ProbationPretrialServices/FederalProbationJournal.aspx
Bergseth, K. & Bouffard, J. (2013). Examining the effectiveness of a restorative justice program for various types of juvenile offenders. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 57(9), 1054-1075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624X12453551 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X12453551
Braithwaite, J. (1989). Crime, shame, and reintegration. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511804618 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511804618
Braithwaite, J. (2002). Restorative justice and responsive regulation. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Broidy, L., Cauffman, E., Espelage, D. L., Mazerolle, P., & Piquero, A. (2003). Sex differences in empathy and its relation to juvenile offending. Violence and Victims, 18(5), 503-516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/vivi.2003.18.5.503 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1891/vivi.2003.18.5.503
Burke, D. (2001). Empathy in sexually offending and non-offending adolescent males. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 16(3), 222-233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088626001016003003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/088626001016003003
Butts, J. & Snyder, H. (1991). Restitution and juvenile recidivism. Monograph: Pittsburgh, PA: National Center for Juvenile Justice.
Bush, C., Mullis, R., & Mullis, A. (2000). Differences in empathy between offender and nonoffender youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29(4), 467-478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005162526769 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005162526769
Corrado, R., Cohen, I., & Odgers, C. (2003). Multi-problem violent youth: A challenge for the restorative justice paradigm. In E. Weitekamp & H. Kerner (eds.), Restorative justice in context: International practice and directions (pp. 1-22). Willan Publishing.
Daly, K. & Immarigeon, R. (1998). The past, present, and future of restorative justice: Some critical reflections. Contemporary Justice Review, 1(1), 21-45. doi:10.1177/1462474022222 8464
Davis, R., Smith, D., & Hillenbrand, S. (1991). Increasing offender compliance with restitution orders. Judicature, 74(5), 245-248. Retrieved from https://www.ajs.org/judicature-journal/
Eisenberg, N. (2000). Emotion, regulation, and moral development. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 665-697. Retrieved from http://www.annualreviews.org/journal/psych http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.665 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.665
Eisenberg, N., & Miller, P.A. (1987). The relation of empathy to prosocial and related behaviors. Psychological Bulletin, 101(1), 91-119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.101.1.91 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.101.1.91
Gavrielides, T. (2008). Restorative justice: The perplexing concept: Conceptual fault-lines and power battles within the restorative justice movement. Criminology and Criminal Justice, 8(2), 165- 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748895808088993 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895808088993
Harpur, T., Hakstian, A., Ralph, A., & Hare, R. (1988). Factor Structure of the Psychopathy Checklist. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(5), 741-747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.56.5.741 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.56.5.741
Hayes, H. (2007). Reoffending and restorative justice. In Johnstone, G. and Van Ness, D. (Eds.), Handbook of restorative justice (pp. 426-444). Willian Publishing.
Haynes, S., Cares, A., & Ruback, R. (2013). Juvenile economic sanctions: An analysis of their imposition, payment, and effect on recidivism. Criminology and Public Policy, 13(1), 31-69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12063 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12063
Hunter, J., Figueredo, A., Becker, J., & Malamuth, N. (2007). Non-Sexual Delinquency in Juvenile Sexual Offenders: The Mediating and Moderating Influences of Emotional Empathy. Journal of Family Violence, 22, 43-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10896-006-9056-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-006-9056-9
Johnstone, G. & Van Ness, D. (2007). The meaning of restorative justice. In Johnstone, G. and Van Ness, D. (Eds.), Handbook of restorative justice (pp. 5-23). Willian Publishing.
Jolliffe, D., & Farrington, D. (2007). Examining the relationship between low empathy and self-reported offending. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 12(2), 265-286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/135532506X147413 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1348/135532506X147413
Kurki, L. (1999). Incorporating restorative and community justice into American sentencing and corrections. Retrieved from: U.S. Department of Justice website: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/175723.pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/e515652009-001
Latimer, J., Dowden, C., & Muise, D. (2005). The effectiveness of restorative justice practice: A meta-analysis. Prison Journal, 85(2), 127-144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032885505276969 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0032885505276969
Latimer, J. & Kleinknecht, S. (2000). The effects of restorative justice programming: A review of the empirical research. Department of Justice Canada, Research and Statistics Division: Ottawa, Ontario. Retrieved from: http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/csj-sjc/jsp-sjp/rr00_16/rr00_16.pdf
LeSure-Lester, G. (2000). Relation between empathy and aggression and behavior compliance among abused group home youth. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 31(2), 153-161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1001900727156 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1001900727156
Lipsey, M. (2009). The primary factors that characterize effective interventions with juvenile offenders: A meta-analytic overview. Victims & Offenders, 4, 124-147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15564880802612573 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15564880802612573
Lurigio, A. & Davis, R. (1990). Does a threatening letter increase compliance with restitution orders? A field experiment. Crime & Delinquency, 36(4), 537-548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128790036004007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128790036004007
McCold, P. (2003). A survey of assessment research on mediation and conferencing. In Walgrave, L. (Ed.). Repositioning
restorative justice (pp. 65-67). United Kingdom: Willian Publishing.
Mehrabian, A., & Epstein, N. (1972). A measure of emotional empathy. Journal of Personality, 40(4), 525- 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1972.tb00078.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1972.tb00078.x
Mehrabian, A. (1997). Analysis of affiliation-related traits in terms of the PAD temperament model. Journal of Psychology, 131(1), 101-117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223989709603508 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00223989709603508
Mehrabian, A. (2000). Manual for the Balanced Emotional Empathy Scale (BEES). University of California, Los Angeles.
Mulloy, R., Smiley, W., & Mawson, D. (1999). The impact of empathy training on offender treatment. Forum on Corrections Research, 11(1). Retrieved from: http://www.csc-cc.gc.ca/publications/forum/e111/e111d-eng.shtml
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (1998). Restitution education, specialized training, and technical assistance (RESTTA) National Directory of Restitution and Community Service Programs (Report No. NCJ 166365). Retrieved from http://www.ojjdp.gov/pubs/restta/
Pennsylvania Juvenile Act (1990). Juvenile matters. Retrieved from http://www.legis.state.pa.us/WU01/LI/LI/CT/HTM/42/00.063..HTM
Presser, L. & Van Voorhis, P. (2002). Values and evaluation: Assessing processes and outcomes of restorative justice programs. Crime and Delinquency, 48(1), 162-187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128702048001007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128702048001007
Price, M. (2001). Personalizing crime: Mediation produces restorative justice for victims and offenders. Dispute Resolution Magazine, Fall 2001. American Bar Association. Retrieved from: http://www.vorp.com/articles/justice.html
Rodriguez, N. (2007). Restorative justice at work: Examining the impact of restorative justice resolutions on juvenile recidivism. Crime & Delinquency, 53(3), 355-379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128705285983 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128705285983
Rowley, M. (1990). Comparison of recidivism rates for delinquents processed in a restitution diversion program to a matched sample processed in court. In Galaway, B. & Hudson, J. (Eds.), Criminal justice, restitution, and reconciliation (pp. 217-226). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.
Ruback, R., Shaffer, J., & Logue, M. (2004). The imposition and effects of restitution in four Pennsylvania counties: Effects of size of county and specialized collection units. Crime & Delinquency, 50(2), 168-174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128703258943 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128703258943
Schiff, M. (1998). Restorative Justice Interventions for Juvenile Offenders. A Research Agenda for the Next Decade. Western Criminology Review, 1(1), 1-20. Retrieved from: https://wcr.sonoma.edu/v1n1/schiff.html
Schneider, P., Schneider, A., Griffith, W, & Wilson, M. (1982). Two year report on the National Evaluation of Juvenile Restitution Initiative: An overview of program performance. Institute of Policy Analysis. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/ Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=86676
Shapiro, J., Morrison, E., & Boker, J. (2004). Teaching empathy to first year medical students: Evaluation of an elective literature and medicine course. Education for Health: Change in Learning and Practice, 17(1), 73-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13576280310001656196 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13576280310001656196
Singer, T., Seymour, B., O’Doherty, J., Kaube, H., Dolan, R., & Frith, C. (2004). Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory components of pain. Science, 303, 1157-1162. Retrieved from: http://www.sciencemag.org/journal http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1093535 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1093535
Sudipta, R. (1990). Offender-oriented restitution bills: Bringing total justice for victims? Federal Probation, 54(3), 30-36. Retrieved from http://www.uscourts.gov/FederalCourts/ ProbationPretrialServices/FederalProbationJournal.aspx
Tontodonato, P. & Erez, E. (1994). Crime, Punishment, and Victim Distress. International Review of Victimology, 3, 33-55. doi:10.1177/026975809400300203. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/026975809400300203
Umbreit, M. (1989). Crime victims seeking fairness, not revenge. Toward restorative justice. Federal Probation, 53(3), 52-57. Retrieved from: https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/ abstract.aspx?ID=119864
Van Ness, D. (1990). Legal issues of restorative justice. In Bazemore, G. & Walgrave (Eds.), Restorative justice and repairing the harm of youth crime (pp. 263-284). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.
Van Ness, D. & Strong, K. (1997). Restoring justice. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson.
Van Vorrhis, P. (1985). Restitution outcome and probationer’s assessment of restitution: The effect of moral development. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 12(3), 259-287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854885012003001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854885012003001
Walsh, T. (2013). Juvenile economic sanctions. A logical alternative? Criminology and Public Policy, 13(1), 69-77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12070 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12070
Weisheit, R., Wells, L., & Falcone, D. (1995). Crime and Policing in Rural and Town America: An Overview of the Issues. Washington D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics. Retrieved from: https://www.ncjrs.gov/txtfiles/crimepol.txt
Wenzel, M., and Thielmann, I. (2006). Why we punish in the name of justice: Just desert versus value restoration and the role of social identity. Social Justice Research, 19(4), 450-470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11211-006-0028-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-006-0028-2
Zehr, H. (1995). Changing lenses: A new focus for crime and justice. Scottdale, PA: Herald.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2014 International Journal of Criminology and Sociology
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Policy for Journals/Articles with Open Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post links to their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work
Policy for Journals / Manuscript with Paid Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Publisher retain copyright .
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post links to their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work .