The Extent of Child Trafficking and National Response in Ethiopia: A Quantitative Study

Aden Tolla; Shanta Singh

doi:10.6000/1929-4409.2021.10.176

Authors

Aden Tolla Discipline of Criminology and Forensics Studies, School of Applied Human Science, University of KwaZulu- Natal, South Africa
Shanta Singh Discipline of Criminology and Forensics Studies, School of Applied Human Science, University of KwaZulu- Natal, South Africa

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2021.10.176

Keywords:

Child trafficking, Ethiopia, National response, Quantitative research method

Abstract

This article analyzes the extent of child trafficking from a quantitative standpoint. The quantitative research approach was adopted in this study, supported by the application of cross-sectional exploratory and descriptive research design, which was used to address the extent of child trafficking in Ethiopia. A total of 636 household respondents were selected by systematic random sampling technique to fulfil the adopted quantitative survey. Data analysis was carried out using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24.0 statistical software packages. Adapt Quantitative-Logistic Regression, Bivariate analysis, Multivariate analysis, and Cross-tabulation of extent and factors of child trafficking were thoroughly quantified.

The extent of child trafficking from the total result in the study area is about 128 children had been trafficked from the total of 636 households and that means the extent of child trafficking is about 20.1 percent in East Este Woreda and Debre Tabor woreda in or 1 child from 5 children had been trafficked. It recommended, the research is needed to identify the extent of child victims and vulnerable of trafficking in the study area to combat the problem. On the other hand, for a clear understanding of the International Conventions and Treaties (such as fully translating Rights of the Child and all ratified conventions), the publication should be translated to Amharic and Oromifa version (local language) in the official Negarit Gazeta of Ethiopia, so that everyone could understand and seek to implement their right easily. Information gup is a disadvantage for the nation, the government should use different programs on television and radio to address the issue.

References

Aden Tolla, A. and Shanta Balgobind Singh 2018. Child trafficking (modern slavery) in Ethiopia: review on status and national. Child Abuse Research: A South African Journal 2018,19(1):58-70.

Aden Tolla, A. and Shanta Balgobind Singh, 2019. The 21st century slavery: an empirical study on contributing push factors for child trafficking in Ethiopia, East Africa. Journal of Alternation Special Edition 28(2019) 278-308. https://doi.org/10.29086/2519-5476/2019/sp28.4a12

Aden Tolla, A. and Shanta Balgobind Singh, 2019. Modern Slavery: An Anthropological Study on the Contributing Pull Factors and National Response of Child Trafficking in Ethiopia, Africa. Journal of Sociology and Social Anthropology (JSSA), 10(1-3): 61-73 (2019) https://doi.org/10.31901/24566764.2019/10-1-3.294

Adepoju, A. (2005). "Review of research and data on human trafficking in sub?Saharan Africa." International Migration 43(1?2): 75-98. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0020-7985.2005.00313.x

Agnarson, L. (2006). "The Integration of Ethiopian immigrants in Sweden, 1990-2000."

Aronowitz, A. A. (2009). Human trafficking, human misery: The global trade in human beings, Greenwood Publishing Group.

Assembly, U. G. (2000). "Protocol to prevent, suppress and punish trafficking in persons, especially women and children, supplementing the United Nations convention against transnational organized crime." GA res 55: 25.

Beck, D. C., et al. (2016). "Human Trafficking in Ethiopia: A Scoping Review to Identify Gaps in Service Delivery, Research, and Policy." Trauma, Violence, & Abuse: 1524838016641670. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838016641670

Chung, R. C.-Y. (2009). "Cultural perspectives on child trafficking, human rights & social justice: A model for psychologists." Counselling Psychology Quarterly 22(1): 85-96. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070902761230

Creswell, J. (2013). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Resign: Choosing Among Five Approaches. (3rd, Ed.) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publication.

Drugs, U. N. O. o., et al. (2009). Global Report on Trafficking in Persons: Human Trafficking a Crime that Shames Us All, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.

Endeshaw, Y., et al. (2006). Assessment of Trafficking in Women and Children in and from Ethiopia, IOM, International Organization for Migration.

Fong, R. and J. Berger Cardoso (2010). "Child human trafficking victims: Challenges for the child welfare system." Evaluation and Program Planning 33(3): 311-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2009.06.018

Hailu, G. K. (2015). "Anti-Human Trafficking Measures in Tigray, Ethiopia: A Human Rights-Based Perspective."

Howard, N. P. (2012). "A critical appraisal of anti-child trafficking discourse and policy in Southern Benin." Childhood: 0907568212444738. https://doi.org/10.1177/0907568212444738

Lawrance and Roberts (2012) "Trafficking in slavery's wake, law and the experianceof women and children.

Olowu, D. (2002). "Protecting children's rights in Africa: a critique of the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child." Int'l J. Child. Rts. 10: 127. https://doi.org/10.1163/157181802401005403

Ruane, J. M. (2005). Essentials of Research Methods: A Guide to Social Science Research. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing.

Rosenbaum , P. (2002). Evaluating Multi-Agency Anti-Crime Partnerships: Theory, Design, and Measurement Issues. volume 14, pp.171-225: ResearchGate.

Salah, R. (2004). Child trafficking: a challenge to child protection in Africa. Fourth African Regional Conference on Child Abuse and Neglect. Enugu, March.

Sharon, M., and Ravitch. (2016). Qualitative Research: Bridging the Conceptual, Theoretical, and Methodological. University of Pennsylvania: Sage.

UNICEF (1989). "FACT SHEET: A summary of the rights under the Convention on the Rights of the Child http://www. unicef. org/crc/files." Rights_overview. pdf.

Unicef (1994). The state of the world's children. 1998, Unicef.

UNICEF (2003). "Trafficking in human beings, especially women and children." Africa. Florence: UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre.

UNICEF. (2006). The state of the world's children 2007: Women and children: The double dividend of gender equality, Unicef.

Union, A. (1999). "African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child." Addis ababa, Ethiopia.

Wakgari, G. (2014). "Causes and Consequences of Human Trafficking in Ethiopia: The Case of Women in the Middle East." International Journal of Gender and Women’s Studies 2(2): 233-246.

Woldemariam, G. A. (2011). "The predicaments of child victims of crime seeking justice in Ethiopia: a double victimization by the justice process." Africa Focus 24: 11-31. https://doi.org/10.1163/2031356X-02401004

Yosef, Y. P. (2016). "Hearing Whisper of the Child within the Law’s Earshot: An Assessment Made on the Legal Bedrocks and International Obligations of Ethiopia toward Article 12 of UNCRC." Beijing Law Review 7(04): 334. https://doi.org/10.4236/blr.2016.74029

Ziebland, S., & McPherson, A. (2006). Making Sense of Qualitative Data Analysis: An introduction with illustrations from DIPEx (personal experiences of health and illness). Medical Education. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2929.2006.02467.x

ONLINE SOURCE REFERENCES

Abi Bhat, 2020. what is documentary research method? Example, methodology, advantages and disadvantages, 2020. (Online) Available at https://www.questionpro.com/blog/documentary-research/. [Accessed on 02/07/2020].

Demographics of Ethiopia, 2017. From Wikipedia, the free ency-clopedia, 2017. (Online) Available at https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Demographics_of_Ethiopia [Accessed on 02/10/2017].

Ethiopia, 2016. U.S department of state, Office to monitor and combat trafficking in person’s report 2016. (Online) Available at https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2016/ 258765.htm [Accessed on 2/15/2017].

Human rights first, 2017. Human rights first American ideals, universal value, 2017. (Online) Available at https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/topics/human-trafficking [accessed 25/06/2017].

Raimo Streefkerk, 2020. Qualitative vs. quantitative research,2020. (Online) Available at https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/ qualitative-quantitative-research/. [Accessed on 03/07/2020].

Susan E. DeFranzo, 2016. What’s the difference between qualitative and quantitative research?, September 16, 2011. (Online) Available at https://www.snapsurveys.com/blog/qualitative-vs-quantitative-research/, [Accessed on 04/07/2020].

Trafficking in person, 2019. (Online) Available at https://www.state. gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/2019-Trafficking-in-Persons-Report.pdf. [Accessed on 07/07/2020].

Trafficking in person, 2018. (Online) Available at https://www.state. gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/282798.pdf. [accessed on 06/07/2020].

Save the children, 2017. Children’s rights 2017. (Online) Available at http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/about-us/what-we-do/child-rights [Accessed on 6/8/7017].

South Gondar Zone, 2017, From Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia 2017. (Online) Available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ South_Gondar_Zone [Accessed on 02/10/2017].

United States department office to monitor and combat trafficking in person, 2015. Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, 2015. (Online) Available at https://www.state. gov/j/tip/ [accessed 25/06/2020].

UNODC, 2016. Report United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,2016. (online) Available at https://www.unodc.org/ doc/wdr2016/WORLD_DRUG_REPORT_2016_web.pdf [accessed 07/09/2019]

Wings of shelter, 2017. Wings of shelter INT, INC, 2017. (Online) Available at http://www.wingsofshelter.com/in-the-news.html [accessed 25/08/2019].