A Review of the Civil Society Role in Exposing COVID-19 Corruption in Zimbabwe
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2021.10.167Keywords:
Civil Society, Corruption, COVID-19, Lockdown, Pandemic, ZimbabweAbstract
The paper examines the role of civil society in Exposing COVID-19 corruption in Zimbabwe. The essence is in the possibility of learning how civil society can adequately act as a watchdog against corrupt practices in the management of COVID-19 in Zimbabwe. As such, the paper presents documentary reviews and analyses of the connection between civil society and COVID-19-induced corruption. Using reviews of various literature, this paper analyses the role of civil society in challenging COVID-19 linked corruption in Zimbabwe since the advent of the pandemic in the country. The paper concludes that civil society was critical in exposing corrupt practices within government and the Health Ministry in particular. Principal among these cases was the Drax Scandal, the Jaji Scandal and the private hospital's scandal. However, the extent of success varies with the type of corruption exposed and challenged. Relatedly, the endemic corruption problems in Zimbabwe explain why some civil societies aren't simply proactive in exposing corrupt officeholders both in public and private health sectors via a nationwide campaign.
References
Adekoye, R. (2020) Contestation of Political Power in Zimbabwe under the COVID-19 Lockdown. Gender & Behaviour. Vol. 18(4) pp. 311-325.
Adekoye, R.A and Kondlo, K. (2020) Political Power Perpetuity and Economic Development Nexus in Zimbabwe. Journal of Nation-building & Policy Studies (JoNPS). Vol. 4(1) pp. 53-71. https://doi.org/10.31920/2516-3132/2020/v4n1a3
Adekoye, A. (2019) Land Expropriation in Zimbabwe and Its Lessons for Namibia and South Africa. African Renaissance. Vol 16(1), pp. 137-150. https://doi.org/10.31920/2516-5305/2019/S1n1a5
Adekoye, R.A. and Mapepa, P. (2019) Teacher Unemployment in Mugabe’s Zimbabwe: A Lesson for the Future? Journal of Gender, Information and Development in Africa. Vol. 8(1) 167-179. https://doi.org/10.31920/2050-4284/2019/S1n1a9
Adisa, O. and Asuelime, R. (2021) COVID-19 Mutual Disabilities in Edo State Gubernatorial Electoral Process. Journal of Intellectual Disability - Diagnosis and Treatment. Vol. 9 (2) pp. 206-212. https://doi.org/10.6000/2292-2598.2021.09.02.7
Alexander, P. (2000), “Zimbabwean Workers, the MDC and the 2000 Election,” Review of African Political Economy, Vol. 27 (85), pp. 385-406. https://doi.org/10.1080/03056240008704474
All Africa (2020), “Zimbabwe: Graft Accused Obadiah Moyo Causes Stir as Produces $50 000 Bail Money amid Worsening Cash Crisis,” 22 June, accessed 6 April 2021, https://allafrica.com/stories/202006220345.html
Asuelime, L. (2017) Civil Society and the South African Developmental State: An Appraisal. Journal of Social Development in Africa. Vol. 32. No. 1. Pp 45- 68.
Asuelime, L. and Simura, B. (2014) The Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) and the Changing Geo-Political Landscape in Zimbabwe. In L. Asuelime and S. Francis (eds.), Selected Themes in African Political Studies. New York: Springer. Pp 69-81. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06001-9_6
Asuelime, R.A. (2018) Re-calibrating Civil Society Organizations in Zimbabwean Developmental State Discourse from Mugabe to Mnangagwa. Journal of Gender, Information and Development in Africa (JGIDA). Vol. 7(3), Pp 7-19. https://doi.org/10.31920/2050-4284/2018/V7n3a1
Banya, S. and Toyana, M. (2020), “Zimbabwe’s Health Minister Granted Bail Over $60 Mln Graft Claims,” Reuters, 20 June, accessed 6 April 2021, https://www.reuters.com/article/ health-coronavirus-zimbabwe-corruption-idUSL8N2DX0B3
BBC News, (2020), “Coronavirus: Zimbabwe Health Minister in Court on Corruption Charges,” 20 June, accessed 6 April 2021, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53119989
Bratton, M. (1994a), “Micro-Democracy? The Merger of Farmers Unions in Zimbabwe,” African Studies Review, Vol. 37 (1), pp. 9-37. https://doi.org/10.2307/525112
Burke, J. (2019), “West Stirring up Unrest in Zimbabwe to Force Regime Change, Says ZANU-PF,” The Guardian, 7 February, accessed 7 April 2021, https://www.theguardian. com/world/2019/feb/07/west-stirring-up-unrest-in-zimbabwe-to-force-regime-change-briefing
CFU, (2012), “Our History,” 11 September, accessed 22 March 2021, http://www.cfuzim.com/2012/09/11/our-history/
Chin’ono, H. (2021), Facebook Post, accessed 29 March 2021, https://www.facebook.com/hopewelljournalist/posts/this-is-how-zimbabwean-nurses-are-fighting-covid-19-using-blankets-as-ppe-due-to/2924717464416939/
Chirimambowa, T. C. and Chimedza, T. L. (2014), “Civil Society’s Contested Role in the 2013 Elections in Zimbabwe: A Historical perspective,” Journal of African Elections, Vol. 13 (2), pp. 71-93. https://doi.org/10.20940/JAE/2014/v13i2a4
Chonzi, M. (2020), “Police Arrest MDC Youths over Unsanctioned Demo,” Mail and Telegraph, 13 May, accessed 6 April 2021, https://mailandtelegraph.com/2020/05/13/police-arrest-mdc-youths-over-unsanctioned-demo/
Dube, G. (2020), “Thokozani Khupe Tests Positive for Covid-19,” VOA Zimbabwe, 31 December, accessed 6 April 2021, https://www.voazimbabwe.com/a/thokozani-khupe-tests-positive-for-covid-19/5719195.html
Dzirutwe, M. (2020), “Zimbabwean Politician Who Called for Protests Denied bail for Third Time,” Reuters, 21 August, accessed 6 April 2021, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zimbabwe-protests-idUSKBN25H1IQ
Eye Witness News, (2021), “Covid-19: Trio Gets Jail Time for Hosting NYE Party in Zimbabwe,” 6 January, accessed, 6 April 2021, https://ewn.co.za/2021/01/06/trio-gets-jail-time-for-hosting-nye-party-in-zimbabwe
France 24, (2020), “Zimbabwe’s Health Care Crisis Deepens as Virus Rage,” 2 August, accessed 25 March 2021, https://www.france24.com/en/20200802-zimbabwe-s-health-care-crisis-deepens-as-virus-rage
Gonye, V. and Mugugunyuki, M. (2020), “Tagwirei Upgrades 2 Covid-19 Treatment Centre,” Zimbabwe Situation, 27 March, accessed, 30 March 2021, https://www.zimbabwesituation. com/news/tagwirei-upgrades-2-covid-19-treatment-centres/
Harding, A. (2020), “Coronavirus: Seven Zimbabwe Babies Stillborn in One Night at Hospital,” BBC News, 29 July, accessed 29 March 2021, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53580559
International Commission of Jurists, (2021), “Zimbabwe: Journalist and Lawyers Detained for Excessing their Rights to Free Expression Must Be Released,” 18 January, accessed 6 April 2021 https://www.icj.org/zimbabwe-journalist-and-lawyers-detained-for-exercising-their-rights-to-free-expression-must-be-released/
Karombo, T. (2020), “Ministers Blasted over Covid-19 ‘Superspreader’ Birthday Shindig,” Zim Live, 29 November 2021, accessed 6 April 2021, https://www.zimlive.com/ 2020/11/29/ministers-blasted-over-covid-19-superspreader-birthday-shindig/
Kudzayi, E. (2020), “Zimbabwe: Covid-19 Drugs Scandal Lay Bare the Rot in the System,” The Africa Report, 17 August, accessed 22 March 2021, https://www.theafricareport.com/ 30676/zimbabwe-covid-19-drugs-scandal-lays-bare-the-rot-in-the-system/
Kunambura, A. Chikono, M. and Mananavire, B. (2020), “Who is Responsible?” The Zimbabwe Independent, 5 June, accessed 23 March 2021, https://www.theindependent.co. zw/2020/06/05/who-is-responsible/
Madzimure, J. and Machivenyika, F. (2019), “Just In: President Launches POLAD,” The Herald, 17 May, accessed 7 April 2021, https://www.herald.co.zw/just-in-president-launches-polad/
Magaisa, A. (2020), “The Corruption Scandal that Angered the Zimbabwean Regime,” The Big Saturday Read, 12 August, accessed 22 March 2021, https://www.bigsr.co.uk/single-post/2020/08/12/the-corruption-scandals-that-angered-the-mnangagwa-regime
Makochekanwa A. and Kwaramba M. (2010). Dwindling access to basic services in Zimbabwe, Munich Personal RePEc Archive. http://mpra.ub.unimuenchen.de/28271/1/MPRA_ paper_28271.pdf
Mathuthu, M. (2020), “Zimbabwe Arrests Health Minister in Covid-19 Procurement Scandal,” ZimLive, 19 June, accessed 23 March 2021, https://www.zimlive.com/2020/06/19/zimbabwe-arrests-health-minister-in-covid-19-procurement-scandal/
Matibiri, M. (2017), “Man Up for $15 000 Extortion,” The Herald, 11 March, accessed 30 March 2021, https://www.herald.co.zw/man-up-for-15-000-extortion/
Maulani N, Nyadera IN, Wnadekha B. (2020) The generals and the war against COVID -19: The case of Zimbabwe. J Glob Health. 10:020388. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020388
Mavhinga, D. (2020), “Zimbabwe Doctors Sue Government over Covid-19,” Human Rights Watch, 9 April, accessed 7 April 2021, https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/04/09/zimbabwe-doctors-sue-government-over-covid-19
Mavhunga, C. (2020), “Zimbabwe Teachers Refuse to Return to Schools Over Pay, Sanitation,” VOA News, 7 October, accessed 7 April 2021, https://www.voanews.com/covid-19-pandemic/zimbabwe-teachers-refuse-return-schools-over-pay-sanitation
Muchena, R.I. (2019) An Exploration of Corruption in the Health Sector: A Case of Zimbabwe. Being a Masters Dissertation submitted to the Department of Public Administration in the Faculty of Management Science at Stellenbosch University.
Munhende, L. (2021), “Watch: ZANU PF MP Gives Middle Finger to ED’s Lockdown, Holds Rally,” New Zimbabwe, 3 February, accessed 7 April 2021, https://www.newzimbabwe.com/ watch-zanu-pf-mp-gives-middle-finger-to-eds-lockdown-holds-rally/
Munhende, L. (2020), “Zimbabwe Funding, Corruption Problems Seen Driving Covid-19,” New Zimbabwe, 2 August, accessed, 25 August 2021, https://www.newzimbabwe.com/ zimbabwe-funding-corruption-problems-seen-driving-covid-19/
Muusha, R. (2011), “How and Why Trade Unions Engage in Politics in Southern Africa? The Case of Zambia and Zimbabwe,” Unpublished Masters Thesis, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, July.
Ndoro, N. (2021a), “Ailing Kuda Tagwirei Flown to Middle East after Contracting Covid-19,” Nehanda Radio, 28 January, https://nehandaradio.com/2021/01/28/tycoon-kuda-tagwirei-flown-to-middle-east-after-contracting-covid-19/
Ndoro, N. (2021b), “First Lady to Hold ‘Nonsensical’ Cooking Game despite Covid-19 Lockdown,” Nehanda Radio, 17 February, accessed 7 April 2021, https://nehandaradio.com/2021/ 02/17/first-lady-to-hold-nonsensical-cooking-game-despite-covid-19-lockdown/
Nwachukwu, P.T.T. and Asuelime, L. (2021) UN COVID 19 Disability Inclusion Strategy: Assessing the Impact on Cultural-Safety and Capability Information Approach. Journal of Intellectual Disability - Diagnosis and Treatment. Vol. 9 (1). Pp. 29-38. https://doi.org/10.6000/2292-2598.2021.09.01.4
Nyathi, K. (2020), “Zimbabwe Covid-19 Drugs Scandal Smears Mnangagwa,” The East African, 5 July, accessed 21 March 2021, https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/rest-of-africa/zimbabwe-covid-19-drugs-scandal-smears-mnangagwa-1447148
Pul, H. A. S. (2014), “Civil Society and Conflict in Africa,” ISTR Africa (Africa Civil Society Research Network), Vol. 8, pp. 1-9.
Samaita, K. (2020), “Zimbabwean Doctors, Customs Officials down Tools over Coronavirus Fears,” Business Day, 25 March, accessed, 25 March 2021, https://www.businesslive.co. za/bd/world/africa/2020-03-25-zimbabwean-doctors-customs-officials-down-tools-over-coronavirus-fears/
Sambureni, N. T. (1996), “The Emergence of Independent African Trade Unions in Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia, 1920s to 1950s: Toward Mass Nationalism?” Kleio, Vol. 28 (1), pp. 153-173. https://doi.org/10.1080/00232089685310121
Sithole, A. (2013). Corruption in Zimbabwean Urban Local Authorities: A case of Gweru city council, Asia Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (AJSSH), Vol. 2 (3), pp. 26:33.
Taruvinga, M. (2020), “Zimbabwe: Tagwirei Grabs Kereke Upmarket Clinic to Set up Coronavirus Hospital for the Elite,” All Africa, 26 March, accessed 30 March 2021, https://allafrica.com/stories/202003260210.html
The Herald, (2020), “Khupe Walks Out of MDC-T Congress,” 28 December, accessed 6 April 2021, https://www.herald.co.zw/ khupe-walks-out-of-mdc-t-congress/
Tocqueville, A. de (1988), Democracy in America, Mayer, J. P. (Ed), New York: Harper and Row.
Voice of America (VOA), 2020, “Zimbabwe Declares National Disaster in Response to Coronavirus Pandemic,” 17 March, accessed, 23 March 2021, https://www.voazimbabwe.com/ a/zimbabwe-declares-national-disaster-in-response-to-coronavirus/5332499.html
Zimbabwe Election Support Network (ZESN), (2021), “Monitoring Government Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic,” Update No. 22, accessed 7 April 2021, https://kubatana.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Monitoring-Responses-to-Covid-19-22_Final.pdf
Zvomuya, P. (2020), “COVID-19 Shows What Zimbabwean Nationalism Means,” Mail and Guardian, 31 March, accessed 30 March 2021, https://mg.co.za/article/2020-03-31-covid-19-shows-what-zimbabwean-nationalism-means/
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Policy for Journals/Articles with Open Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post links to their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work
Policy for Journals / Manuscript with Paid Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Publisher retain copyright .
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post links to their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work .