Are Crime Victims Being Gagged Under the Israeli Criminal Justice Procedures?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2014.03.02Keywords:
Sexual victimization, Victims rights, Domestic Violence, Restorative Justice, Victims' Impact StatementAbstract
In this conceptual article we examine the issues revolving around crime victims' participation under the Israeli criminal procedure in recent years. As such, the article discusses the official status of victims, the protections guaranteed by local legislation during the various legal stages--beginning with the criminal investigation procedure through the protections guaranteed under law, and their routine implementation. Specifically, the article discusses changes in Israeli legislation and practice in regard to victims' rights, while comparing them to those in other countries. Further, the article discusses the introduction of restorative justice to legal procedures in Israel, and its relevance to victims' rights. It concludes with a recommendation to establish a standardized policy that will assure victims' rights in order to secure their status while also ensuring that they are being exposed to a therapeutic process that is much needed for the victims, and in particular for domestic and sexual assault victims.
References
Abramovsky, A. (1986). Crime victims’ rights. New York Law Journal, 2(3), 1-3.
Adelman, M., Erez, E., Shalhoub-Kevorkian, N. (2003). Policing violence against minority women in multicultural societies: `Community` and the politics of exclusion. Police and Society, 7, 103-131.
Ashworth, A. (1993). Some doubts about restorative justice. Criminal Law Forum, 4(2), 277-299.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01096075
Ashworth, A. (1998). The criminal process: An evaluative study. (2nd Ed.). Oxford, Oxford university press.
Barak-Erez, D., Ynisky-Ravid, S., Biton, Y., & Fogatz, D. (2007) Studies in gender feminism and law. Keryat-Uno: Nevo Publishing. (In Hebrew)
Bar-Zohar, Y. (2008) Victimization: Multiple causes, phenomenolo-gical prisms, and implementation perspectives. In: Kim, Y., Bar-Zohar, Y., and Eden, L. (Eds.) Victimization, Criminal Justice, Gender, and Society. Beit-Berel College: Massada Publishers: 467-503. (In Hebrew)
Bachman, R., & Coker, A. L. (1995). Police involvement in domestic violence: The interactive effects of victim injury, offender’s history of violence and race. Violence and Victims, 10(2), 91-106.
Ben-David, S. (2003) Victimology from the Victims Point-of-View. In: Hovav, M., Sebba, L., and Amir, M. (Eds.) Trends in Criminology: Theory, Policy and Implications. Jerusalem: The Institute for Legislation Research and Comparative Law: Hebrew University: 775-796. (In Hebrew)
Bierschbach, R. (2006). Allocution and the Purposes of Victim Participation under the CVRA. Federal Sentencing Reporter, 19(1).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fsr.2006.19.1.44
Blaknap, p. (1995). Law enforcement officer's attitudes about appropriate responses to women battering. International Review of Victimology, 4(1), 47-62.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026975809500400104
Blum, N., & Abutbol, D. (2004) Victim Survey. Jerusalem: The Institute of Criminology, Hebrew University. (In Hebrew)
Brienen, M., Hoegen, M., & Groenhuijsen, M. (2000). Evaluation and mata-evaluation of the effectiveness of victim-oriented legal reform in Europe. Criminologie, 33(1), 121-144.
http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/004710ar
Coulter, M. L., Kuelter, K., Byers, K., and Alfonso, A. (1999) Police-reporting behavior and victim-police interactions as described by women in a domestic violence shelter. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 14(12), 1290-1298.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088626099014012004
Des Rosiers, N., Feldthusen, B., and Hankivsky, O.A.R. (1998). Legal compensation for sexual violence: Therapeutic consequences and consequences for the judicial system. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law. 4(1-2), 433-451.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1076-8971.4.1-2.433
David, R.C., and Smith, B.E. (1994). The effects of victim impact statement on sentencing decisions: A test in an urban setting. Justice Quarterly, 11(3), 453-469.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07418829400092351
Eisikovits, Z., & Griffel, A., Enosh, G., Buchbinder E., Goldblatt, H., Grinshtain, M., Winstok, Z., & Koresh, Y. (1998). Police intervention in intimate violence: An evaluation study (A Research Report to Ministry of Public Security, State of Israel). Haifa, Israel: University of Haifa, Minerva Center for Youth Studies (In Hebrew)
Erez, E. (1995).The Effect of victim impact statement on sentencing patterns and out come: The American experience. Journal of Criminal Justice, 23(4), 637-375.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0047-2352(95)00026-M
Erez, E. (1999). Who is afraid of the big bad victim? Victim, Impact statements as victim empowerment and enhancement of justice. Criminal Law Review, 46(July). 545-576.
Erez, E. (2000) ""Integrating a Victim Perspective in Criminal Justice through Victim Impact Statement"", in A. Crawford & J. Goodey (Eds.), Integrating a Victim Perspective within Criminal Justice: International Debates, Dartmouth: Ashgate, 165-184.
Erez, E & Blaknap, J. (1998). In their own words: Battered women's assessment of the criminal processing system responses. Violence and victim 13(3), 251-268.
Erez, E., Kilchling, M., & Wemmers, J. (2011). Therapeutic jurisprudence and victim participation in justice. In E. Erez, Kilchling, M., & J. Wemmers (eds.). Therapeutic Jurisprudence and Victim Participation in Justice: International Perspectives, p. IX: Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.
Erez, E., and Roberts, J. (2007). Victims Participation in the criminal justice system. In: David, Lurigion, and Herman (Eds.) Victims of Crime, Cp. 17, 277-297. SAGE Publication.
Erez, E., Roeger, L. (1995). The effect of victim impact statements on sentencing patterns and outcomes: The Australian experience. Journal of Criminal Justice, 23(4), 363-375.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0047-2352(95)00026-M
Erez, E. and Rogers, L. (1999) Victim impact statements and sentencing outcomes and Processes: The perspectives of legal professionals. British Journal of Criminology, 39(2), 216-239.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/39.2.216
Erez, E., Roeger, L., and Morgan, F. (1994). Victim Impact Statements in South Australia: An Evaluation. National Institute of Justice, Series C(6), Rockville, MD.
Erez, E & Tontodaonato, P. (1990). The Effect of victim participation in sentencing on sentence outcome. Criminology, 28(3), 451-474.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1990.tb01334.x
Farkash, E. (2001) Restorative Justice within the criminal trail. Jerusalem: Department of Justice, The National Center for Mediation and Dispute Resolution
Goldstein, S. (2008) Empowering the victim’s role in civil and criminal procedures. In: Kim, Y., Bar-Zohar, Y., and Eden, L. (Eds.) Victimization, Criminal Justice, Gender, and Society. Beit-Berel College: Massada Publishers: 170-178. (In Hebrew)
Gros, E. (2002) The constitutional rights of the victims: A comparative study. Legal Studies, 17, 419-438. (In Hebrew)
Harnon, A. (1997) Plea-Bargaining in Israel: Proper allocation of responsibilities. Mishpatim, 27, 543-582. (In Hebrew)
Holstein J.A., & Miller, G. (1993). Social constructionism and social problems work. In G. Miller & J.A. Holstein (Eds.), Constructionist controversies: Issues in social problems theory (pp. 131-151). New York: Aldine De Gruyter.
Hoyle, C. (1998). Negotiating Domestic Violence: police, criminal justice and victims. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Hoyle, C. and Sanders, A. (2000) Police response to domestic violence. British Journal of Criminology, 40(1), 14-36.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/40.1.14
Hoyle, C. (2007) Feminism, victimology and domestic violence. In: Walklate S. (Ed.) The Handbook of Victims and Victimology, Cullompton: Willan.
Ignaffo, D. P., & Gideon, L. (2013). Restorative justice. In: Carlson, P.M. (Ed.) Prison and jail Administration: Practice and Theory. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning, 587-598.
Kama, E. (2008) The punishment of Sex-offenders. In: Shoham, E. (Ed.) Monitoring Sex-Offenders in Israel: Punishment versus treatment. Tel-Aviv: Perlshtein-Ginosar, 135-144. (In Hebrew)
Kamir, A. (2002) Feminism, Rights, and Law. Tel-Aviv: MSHABT Publishing (In Hebrew) Kelly, D.P. (1987). Victims. Wayne Law Review, 34(1), 69-86.
Landau, T. (2000). Women's experiences with mandatory charging for wife assault in Ontario, Canada: A case against the prosecution. International Review of Victimology, 7(1-3), 141-157.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026975800000700308
Landau, S.F., & Sebba, L. (1998). Victim logical research in Israel: Past and current perspectives. In R.R. Friedmann (Ed.), Crime and criminal justice in Israel: Assessing the knowledge base toward the twenty-first century (pp. 359-387). New York: State University of New York Press.
Mika, H., Achilles, M., Halbert, E., Amstutz, L.S., and Zehar, H. (2006). Listening to Victims--A Critique of Restorative Justice Policy and Practice in the United States. Federal Probation, 68(1), 32-38.
Milluie, A. & Herrington, V. (2005). Bridging the Gap: Understanding Reassurance Policing. Oxford: Blackwell Publication.
Myers, B. and Greene, E. (2004). The prejudicial nature of victim impact statements: Implications for capital sentencing policy. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 10(4), 492-515.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1076-8971.10.4.492
Palai, A. (2003) The adult supervision services: The first fifty years. In: Hovav, M., Sebba, L., and Amir, M. (Eds.) Trends in Criminology: Theory, Policy and Implications. Jerusalem: The Institute for Legislation Research and Comparative Law: Hebrew University: 125-135. (In Hebrew)
Radai, P. (1995) On Equality. In: Radai, P., Shalev, K., and Libman-Kobi, M. (Eds.) Legal Status of Women in Law and Society. Jerusalem and Tel-Aviv: Shoken, 10-63.
Roberts, J.V. (2002) The Use of Victim Impact Statements in Sentencing: A Review of International Research Findings. Ottawa: Policy Centre for Victim Issues, Department of Justice Canada.
Roberts, J.V. (2003) Victim Impact Statements and the Sentencing Process: Enhancing communication in the courtroom. Criminal Law Quarterly, 47(3), 365-396.
Roberts, J. V., Erez, E. (2004). Communication in sentencing: exploring the function of victim impact statement. International Journal of Victimology. 10(3), 223-244.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026975800401000302
Rosenbaum, D. P. (1995). The changing role of the police in North America: Assessing the current transition to community policing. Montreal: University of Montreal, 29-68.
Rubel, M.C. (1986). Victim participation in sentencing proceedings. Criminal Law Quarterly, 28, 226-250.
Schnieder, H. J. (2001).Victimological development in the world during the past three decades: A study of comparative victimology. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 45(4), 449-468.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624X01454005
Sebba, L. (1996) Third Parties: Victims and the Criminal Justice System. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press.
Sherman, L.W. (2003). Reason for emotion: Reinventing justice with theories, innovations and research – The American Society of Criminology 2002 Presidential Address. Criminology, 41(1), 1-39.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2003.tb00980.x
Shoham, E. (2000). The batter wife's perception of the characteristics of her encounter with the police. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 44(2), 242-257.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624X00442009
Shoham, E. (2004a) Characteristics of the interaction between women battered by their husbands and the police from the women point of view. In: Eden, L., Shademi, A., and Kim, Y. (Eds.) Chasing Justice, Tel-Aviv: Beit-Berel College and Chrikover Publishers: 140-160. (In Hebrew)
Shoham, E. (2004b) The establishment of the domestic violence investigation unit in Israel: Lessons Learned. Police and Society, 8, 55-75. (In Hebrew)
Shoham, E. (2008) Monitoring Sex offenders in Israel: Punishment versus treatment. Tel-Aviv: Perlshtein-Ginosar (In Hebrew)
Shoham, E., & Regev, Y. (2008) The victim’s voice in the criminal procedure. In: Shoham, E. (Ed.) Monitoring Sex offenders in Israel: Punishment versus treatment. Tel-Aviv: Perlshtein-Ginosar , 203-219.
Shoham, E. ( 2012). A glimpse behind the walls: Violence towards women in segregated Communities. Bear-Sheva: Bialik Publishing.
Spencer, J.R. (1997). Improving the position of the victim in English criminal procedure. Israeli Law Review. 31, 286-299.
Steinberg, B. (2002) The mediation process in criminal procedures, its sources, development and the relationship between the mediation and the criminal procedures. Sharei Mishpat, 3(1), 131-164.
Strang, H., & Braithwaite, J. (Eds). (2002). Restorative Justice and Family Violence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Talbert, P. (1988). The relevance of victim impact statements to the criminal sentencing decision. UCLA Law Review, 36, 199-202.
U.S. Department of Justice (2004). What is the office for victims of crime? OVC Fact Sheet, November: Office of Justice Programs/ Office for Victims of Crime.
Websdale, N. & Johanson, B. (1997). The policing of domestic violence in rural and urban areas: The voice of battered in Kentucky. Policing and Society, 6(4), 279-317.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10439463.1997.9964759
Williams, B. (1999). Working with victims of crime: Policies, politics and practice. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Weisburd, D. & Braga, A. (2006). Police Innovations, Contrasting Perspectives. New York: Cambridge University Press.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511489334
Williams, B. (1999). Working with victims of crime: Policies, politics and practice. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Yanai, A. (1994) Aiding victims of violent crimes: Issues in welfare policies. Social Welfare, 14, 129-146. (In Hebrew)
Yanai, A. (2003) Innovation in the criminal trial: Submission of sexual-assault victims impact statement by adult probation services. In: Hovav, M., Sebba, L., and Amir, M. (Eds.) Trends in Criminology: Theory, Policy and Implications. Jerusalem: The Institute for comparative law and legislation: Hebrew University, 235-272.
Zeltzover, N. (2004) Intimate domestic violence legislation trends. Police and Society, 8, 5-36. (In Hebrew)
Adelman, M., Erez, E., Shalhoub-Kevorkian, N. (2003). Policing violence against minority women in multicultural societies: `Community` and the politics of exclusion. Police and Society, 7, 103-131.
Ashworth, A. (1993). Some doubts about restorative justice. Criminal Law Forum, 4(2), 277-299.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01096075
Ashworth, A. (1998). The criminal process: An evaluative study. (2nd Ed.). Oxford, Oxford university press.
Barak-Erez, D., Ynisky-Ravid, S., Biton, Y., & Fogatz, D. (2007) Studies in gender feminism and law. Keryat-Uno: Nevo Publishing. (In Hebrew)
Bar-Zohar, Y. (2008) Victimization: Multiple causes, phenomenolo-gical prisms, and implementation perspectives. In: Kim, Y., Bar-Zohar, Y., and Eden, L. (Eds.) Victimization, Criminal Justice, Gender, and Society. Beit-Berel College: Massada Publishers: 467-503. (In Hebrew)
Bachman, R., & Coker, A. L. (1995). Police involvement in domestic violence: The interactive effects of victim injury, offender’s history of violence and race. Violence and Victims, 10(2), 91-106.
Ben-David, S. (2003) Victimology from the Victims Point-of-View. In: Hovav, M., Sebba, L., and Amir, M. (Eds.) Trends in Criminology: Theory, Policy and Implications. Jerusalem: The Institute for Legislation Research and Comparative Law: Hebrew University: 775-796. (In Hebrew)
Bierschbach, R. (2006). Allocution and the Purposes of Victim Participation under the CVRA. Federal Sentencing Reporter, 19(1).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fsr.2006.19.1.44
Blaknap, p. (1995). Law enforcement officer's attitudes about appropriate responses to women battering. International Review of Victimology, 4(1), 47-62.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026975809500400104
Blum, N., & Abutbol, D. (2004) Victim Survey. Jerusalem: The Institute of Criminology, Hebrew University. (In Hebrew)
Brienen, M., Hoegen, M., & Groenhuijsen, M. (2000). Evaluation and mata-evaluation of the effectiveness of victim-oriented legal reform in Europe. Criminologie, 33(1), 121-144.
http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/004710ar
Coulter, M. L., Kuelter, K., Byers, K., and Alfonso, A. (1999) Police-reporting behavior and victim-police interactions as described by women in a domestic violence shelter. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 14(12), 1290-1298.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088626099014012004
Des Rosiers, N., Feldthusen, B., and Hankivsky, O.A.R. (1998). Legal compensation for sexual violence: Therapeutic consequences and consequences for the judicial system. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law. 4(1-2), 433-451.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1076-8971.4.1-2.433
David, R.C., and Smith, B.E. (1994). The effects of victim impact statement on sentencing decisions: A test in an urban setting. Justice Quarterly, 11(3), 453-469.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07418829400092351
Eisikovits, Z., & Griffel, A., Enosh, G., Buchbinder E., Goldblatt, H., Grinshtain, M., Winstok, Z., & Koresh, Y. (1998). Police intervention in intimate violence: An evaluation study (A Research Report to Ministry of Public Security, State of Israel). Haifa, Israel: University of Haifa, Minerva Center for Youth Studies (In Hebrew)
Erez, E. (1995).The Effect of victim impact statement on sentencing patterns and out come: The American experience. Journal of Criminal Justice, 23(4), 637-375.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0047-2352(95)00026-M
Erez, E. (1999). Who is afraid of the big bad victim? Victim, Impact statements as victim empowerment and enhancement of justice. Criminal Law Review, 46(July). 545-576.
Erez, E. (2000) ""Integrating a Victim Perspective in Criminal Justice through Victim Impact Statement"", in A. Crawford & J. Goodey (Eds.), Integrating a Victim Perspective within Criminal Justice: International Debates, Dartmouth: Ashgate, 165-184.
Erez, E & Blaknap, J. (1998). In their own words: Battered women's assessment of the criminal processing system responses. Violence and victim 13(3), 251-268.
Erez, E., Kilchling, M., & Wemmers, J. (2011). Therapeutic jurisprudence and victim participation in justice. In E. Erez, Kilchling, M., & J. Wemmers (eds.). Therapeutic Jurisprudence and Victim Participation in Justice: International Perspectives, p. IX: Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.
Erez, E., and Roberts, J. (2007). Victims Participation in the criminal justice system. In: David, Lurigion, and Herman (Eds.) Victims of Crime, Cp. 17, 277-297. SAGE Publication.
Erez, E., Roeger, L. (1995). The effect of victim impact statements on sentencing patterns and outcomes: The Australian experience. Journal of Criminal Justice, 23(4), 363-375.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0047-2352(95)00026-M
Erez, E. and Rogers, L. (1999) Victim impact statements and sentencing outcomes and Processes: The perspectives of legal professionals. British Journal of Criminology, 39(2), 216-239.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/39.2.216
Erez, E., Roeger, L., and Morgan, F. (1994). Victim Impact Statements in South Australia: An Evaluation. National Institute of Justice, Series C(6), Rockville, MD.
Erez, E & Tontodaonato, P. (1990). The Effect of victim participation in sentencing on sentence outcome. Criminology, 28(3), 451-474.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1990.tb01334.x
Farkash, E. (2001) Restorative Justice within the criminal trail. Jerusalem: Department of Justice, The National Center for Mediation and Dispute Resolution
Goldstein, S. (2008) Empowering the victim’s role in civil and criminal procedures. In: Kim, Y., Bar-Zohar, Y., and Eden, L. (Eds.) Victimization, Criminal Justice, Gender, and Society. Beit-Berel College: Massada Publishers: 170-178. (In Hebrew)
Gros, E. (2002) The constitutional rights of the victims: A comparative study. Legal Studies, 17, 419-438. (In Hebrew)
Harnon, A. (1997) Plea-Bargaining in Israel: Proper allocation of responsibilities. Mishpatim, 27, 543-582. (In Hebrew)
Holstein J.A., & Miller, G. (1993). Social constructionism and social problems work. In G. Miller & J.A. Holstein (Eds.), Constructionist controversies: Issues in social problems theory (pp. 131-151). New York: Aldine De Gruyter.
Hoyle, C. (1998). Negotiating Domestic Violence: police, criminal justice and victims. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Hoyle, C. and Sanders, A. (2000) Police response to domestic violence. British Journal of Criminology, 40(1), 14-36.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/40.1.14
Hoyle, C. (2007) Feminism, victimology and domestic violence. In: Walklate S. (Ed.) The Handbook of Victims and Victimology, Cullompton: Willan.
Ignaffo, D. P., & Gideon, L. (2013). Restorative justice. In: Carlson, P.M. (Ed.) Prison and jail Administration: Practice and Theory. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning, 587-598.
Kama, E. (2008) The punishment of Sex-offenders. In: Shoham, E. (Ed.) Monitoring Sex-Offenders in Israel: Punishment versus treatment. Tel-Aviv: Perlshtein-Ginosar, 135-144. (In Hebrew)
Kamir, A. (2002) Feminism, Rights, and Law. Tel-Aviv: MSHABT Publishing (In Hebrew) Kelly, D.P. (1987). Victims. Wayne Law Review, 34(1), 69-86.
Landau, T. (2000). Women's experiences with mandatory charging for wife assault in Ontario, Canada: A case against the prosecution. International Review of Victimology, 7(1-3), 141-157.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026975800000700308
Landau, S.F., & Sebba, L. (1998). Victim logical research in Israel: Past and current perspectives. In R.R. Friedmann (Ed.), Crime and criminal justice in Israel: Assessing the knowledge base toward the twenty-first century (pp. 359-387). New York: State University of New York Press.
Mika, H., Achilles, M., Halbert, E., Amstutz, L.S., and Zehar, H. (2006). Listening to Victims--A Critique of Restorative Justice Policy and Practice in the United States. Federal Probation, 68(1), 32-38.
Milluie, A. & Herrington, V. (2005). Bridging the Gap: Understanding Reassurance Policing. Oxford: Blackwell Publication.
Myers, B. and Greene, E. (2004). The prejudicial nature of victim impact statements: Implications for capital sentencing policy. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 10(4), 492-515.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1076-8971.10.4.492
Palai, A. (2003) The adult supervision services: The first fifty years. In: Hovav, M., Sebba, L., and Amir, M. (Eds.) Trends in Criminology: Theory, Policy and Implications. Jerusalem: The Institute for Legislation Research and Comparative Law: Hebrew University: 125-135. (In Hebrew)
Radai, P. (1995) On Equality. In: Radai, P., Shalev, K., and Libman-Kobi, M. (Eds.) Legal Status of Women in Law and Society. Jerusalem and Tel-Aviv: Shoken, 10-63.
Roberts, J.V. (2002) The Use of Victim Impact Statements in Sentencing: A Review of International Research Findings. Ottawa: Policy Centre for Victim Issues, Department of Justice Canada.
Roberts, J.V. (2003) Victim Impact Statements and the Sentencing Process: Enhancing communication in the courtroom. Criminal Law Quarterly, 47(3), 365-396.
Roberts, J. V., Erez, E. (2004). Communication in sentencing: exploring the function of victim impact statement. International Journal of Victimology. 10(3), 223-244.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026975800401000302
Rosenbaum, D. P. (1995). The changing role of the police in North America: Assessing the current transition to community policing. Montreal: University of Montreal, 29-68.
Rubel, M.C. (1986). Victim participation in sentencing proceedings. Criminal Law Quarterly, 28, 226-250.
Schnieder, H. J. (2001).Victimological development in the world during the past three decades: A study of comparative victimology. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 45(4), 449-468.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624X01454005
Sebba, L. (1996) Third Parties: Victims and the Criminal Justice System. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press.
Sherman, L.W. (2003). Reason for emotion: Reinventing justice with theories, innovations and research – The American Society of Criminology 2002 Presidential Address. Criminology, 41(1), 1-39.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2003.tb00980.x
Shoham, E. (2000). The batter wife's perception of the characteristics of her encounter with the police. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 44(2), 242-257.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624X00442009
Shoham, E. (2004a) Characteristics of the interaction between women battered by their husbands and the police from the women point of view. In: Eden, L., Shademi, A., and Kim, Y. (Eds.) Chasing Justice, Tel-Aviv: Beit-Berel College and Chrikover Publishers: 140-160. (In Hebrew)
Shoham, E. (2004b) The establishment of the domestic violence investigation unit in Israel: Lessons Learned. Police and Society, 8, 55-75. (In Hebrew)
Shoham, E. (2008) Monitoring Sex offenders in Israel: Punishment versus treatment. Tel-Aviv: Perlshtein-Ginosar (In Hebrew)
Shoham, E., & Regev, Y. (2008) The victim’s voice in the criminal procedure. In: Shoham, E. (Ed.) Monitoring Sex offenders in Israel: Punishment versus treatment. Tel-Aviv: Perlshtein-Ginosar , 203-219.
Shoham, E. ( 2012). A glimpse behind the walls: Violence towards women in segregated Communities. Bear-Sheva: Bialik Publishing.
Spencer, J.R. (1997). Improving the position of the victim in English criminal procedure. Israeli Law Review. 31, 286-299.
Steinberg, B. (2002) The mediation process in criminal procedures, its sources, development and the relationship between the mediation and the criminal procedures. Sharei Mishpat, 3(1), 131-164.
Strang, H., & Braithwaite, J. (Eds). (2002). Restorative Justice and Family Violence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Talbert, P. (1988). The relevance of victim impact statements to the criminal sentencing decision. UCLA Law Review, 36, 199-202.
U.S. Department of Justice (2004). What is the office for victims of crime? OVC Fact Sheet, November: Office of Justice Programs/ Office for Victims of Crime.
Websdale, N. & Johanson, B. (1997). The policing of domestic violence in rural and urban areas: The voice of battered in Kentucky. Policing and Society, 6(4), 279-317.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10439463.1997.9964759
Williams, B. (1999). Working with victims of crime: Policies, politics and practice. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Weisburd, D. & Braga, A. (2006). Police Innovations, Contrasting Perspectives. New York: Cambridge University Press.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511489334
Williams, B. (1999). Working with victims of crime: Policies, politics and practice. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Yanai, A. (1994) Aiding victims of violent crimes: Issues in welfare policies. Social Welfare, 14, 129-146. (In Hebrew)
Yanai, A. (2003) Innovation in the criminal trial: Submission of sexual-assault victims impact statement by adult probation services. In: Hovav, M., Sebba, L., and Amir, M. (Eds.) Trends in Criminology: Theory, Policy and Implications. Jerusalem: The Institute for comparative law and legislation: Hebrew University, 235-272.
Zeltzover, N. (2004) Intimate domestic violence legislation trends. Police and Society, 8, 5-36. (In Hebrew)
Downloads
Published
2014-01-10
How to Cite
Shoham, E., & Gideon, L. (2014). Are Crime Victims Being Gagged Under the Israeli Criminal Justice Procedures?. International Journal of Criminology and Sociology, 3, 5–19. https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2014.03.02
Issue
Section
Articles
License
Policy for Journals/Articles with Open Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post links to their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work
Policy for Journals / Manuscript with Paid Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Publisher retain copyright .
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post links to their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work .
