Recent Progress in Hydrogel-Based Bioinks for 3D Bioprinting: A Patent Landscape Analysis and Technology Updates

Raja  Saadan; Chaymaa Hachimi  Alaoui; Khurrum Shehzad  Quraishi; Faisal  Afridi; Mohamed  Chigr; Ahmed  Fatimi

doi:10.6000/1929-5995.2024.13.14

Authors

Raja Saadan Chemical Science and Engineering Research Team (ERSIC), Department of Chemistry, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Beni Mellal (FPBM), Sultan Moulay Slimane University (USMS), Mghila, P.O. Box 592, Beni Mellal 23000, Morocco and Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (LCMMC), Faculty of Science and Technology (FSTBM), University Sultan Moulay Slimane (USMS), Mghila, P.O. Box 523, Beni Mellal 23000, Morocco
Chaymaa Hachimi Alaoui Chemical Science and Engineering Research Team (ERSIC), Department of Chemistry, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Beni Mellal (FPBM), Sultan Moulay Slimane University (USMS), Mghila, P.O. Box 592, Beni Mellal 23000, Morocco and Nantes Université, Oniris, Univ Angers, INSERM, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, RmeS, UMR1229, F-44000 Nantes, France
Khurrum Shehzad Quraishi Department of Chemical Engineering, Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Nilore 45650, Islamabad, Pakistan
Faisal Afridi Department of Chemical Engineering, Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Nilore 45650, Islamabad, Pakistan
Mohamed Chigr Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (LCMMC), Faculty of Science and Technology (FSTBM), University Sultan Moulay Slimane (USMS), Mghila, P.O. Box 523, Beni Mellal 23000, Morocco
Ahmed Fatimi Chemical Science and Engineering Research Team (ERSIC), Department of Chemistry, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Beni Mellal (FPBM), Sultan Moulay Slimane University (USMS), Mghila, P.O. Box 592, Beni Mellal 23000, Morocco

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-5995.2024.13.14

Keywords:

Polymers, hydrogels, biomaterials, bioink, 3D bioprinting, biofabrication, innovation, patent

Abstract

Hydrogel-based bioinks have emerged as a critical component in the field of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting, with numerous polymers being explored and utilized for this purpose. The high volume of patent applications reflects a competitive and dynamic research environment, where various entities are actively developing new formulations and applications for hydrogel-based bioinks. As this field continues to evolve, tracking these trends is essential for understanding the future direction of the technology and identifying key innovations and players in the industry. This study reveals substantial growth in the patent landscape for hydrogel-based bioinks in 3D bioprinting, with 173 patent documents published between 2013 and 2024. The marked increase in patent filings, particularly from 2018 onwards, underscores the growing recognition of the technologys potential in diverse applications, including tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Although patent applications have outpaced granted patents, the steady rise in granted patents indicates the fields maturation and the transition of innovations from concept to legally protected technologies. The leading patent applicants in this domain include both industry leaders and academic institutions. Companies such as Organovo INC and Cellink AB are driving innovation through extensive patent activity, while academic institutions and foundations also make significant contributions, highlighting a robust ecosystem where industrial and academic research propel the technology forward. The global distribution of intellectual property filings in this field is broad, with significant activity in the United States, Europe, and Asia. This diversity in patenting jurisdictions reflects the global interest in advancing bioprinting technologies, particularly for healthcare applications. Patent classifications for hydrogel-based bioinks in 3D bioprinting illustrate the convergence of materials science, biotechnology, and advanced manufacturing. These classifications highlight the diverse applications of bioinks, ranging from tissue regeneration and stem cell therapy to the development of medical devices and multifunctional bioactive materials based on polymers.

References

Fatimi A, Okoro OV, Podstawczyk D, Siminska-Stanny J, Shavandi A. Natural hydrogel-based bio-Inks for 3D bioprinting in tissue engineering: A review. Gels 2022; 8: 179. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels8030179

Murphy SV, Atala A. 3D bioprinting of tissues and organs. Nature Biotechnology 2014; 32: 773-785. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.2958

Gao Q, Kim B-S, Gao G. Advanced Strategies for 3D Bioprinting of Tissue and Organ Analogs Using Alginate Hydrogel Bioinks. Marine Drugs 2021; 19: 708. https://doi.org/10.3390/md19120708

Barcena AJR, Dhal K, Patel P, Ravi P, Kundu S, Tappa K. Current Biomedical Applications of 3D-Printed Hydrogels. Gels 2024; 10: 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10010008

Zaviskova K, Tukmachev D, Dubisova J, Vackova I, Hejcl A, Bystronova J, Pravda M, Scigalkova I, Sulakova R, Velebny V, Wolfova L, Kubinova S. Injectable hydroxyphenyl derivative of hyaluronic acid hydrogel modified with RGD as scaffold for spinal cord injury repair. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A 2018; 106: 1129-1140. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.36311

Khoshnood N, Zamanian A. Decellularized extracellular matrix bioinks and their application in skin tissue engineering. Bioprinting 2020;, 20: e00095. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bprint.2020.e00095

Kim BS, Kwon YW, Kong J-S, Park GT, Gao G, Han W, Kim M-B, Lee H, Kim JH, Cho D-W. 3D cell printing of in vitro stabilized skin model and in vivo pre-vascularized skin patch using tissue-specific extracellular matrix bioink: A step towards advanced skin tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2018; 168: 38-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.03.040

Shie M-Y, Lee J-J, Ho C-C, Yen S-Y, Ng HY, Chen Y-W. Effects of gelatin methacrylate bio-ink concentration on mechano-physical properties and human dermal fibroblast behavior. Polymers 2020; 12: 1930. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12091930

Markstedt K, Mantas A, Tournier I, Martínez Ávila H, Hägg D, Gatenholm P. 3D Bioprinting Human Chondrocytes with Nanocellulose–Alginate Bioink for Cartilage Tissue Engineering Applications. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16: 1489-1496. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00188

Antich C, de Vicente J, Jiménez G, Chocarro C, Carrillo E, Montañez E, Gálvez-Martín P, Marchal JA. Bio-inspired hydrogel composed of hyaluronic acid and alginate as a potential bioink for 3D bioprinting of articular cartilage engineering constructs. Acta Biomater 2020; 106: 114-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2020.01.046

Martínez Ávila H, Schwarz S, Rotter N, Gatenholm P. 3D bioprinting of human chondrocyte-laden nanocellulose hydrogels for patient-specific auricular cartilage regeneration. Bioprinting 2016; 1-2: 22-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bprint.2016.08.003

Li Z, Zhang X, Yuan T, Zhang Y, Luo C, Zhang J, Liu Y, Fan W. Addition of Platelet-Rich Plasma to Silk Fibroin Hydrogel Bioprinting for Cartilage Regeneration. Tissue engineering. Part A 2020; 26: 886-895. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.tea.2019.0304

Sadeghianmaryan A, Naghieh S, Alizadeh Sardroud H, Yazdanpanah Z, Afzal Soltani Y, Sernaglia J, Chen X. Extrusion-based printing of chitosan scaffolds and their in vitro characterization for cartilage tissue engineering. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2020; 164: 3179-3192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.180

İlhan GT, Irmak G, Gümüşderelioğlu M. Microwave assisted methacrylation of Kappa carrageenan: A bioink for cartilage tissue engineering. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2020; 164: 3523-3534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.241

Zafeiris K, Brasinika D, Karatza A, Koumoulos E, Karoussis IK, Kyriakidou K, Charitidis CA. Additive manufacturing of hydroxyapatite–chitosan–genipin composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications. Materials Science and Engineering: C 2021; 119: 111639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2020.111639

Ramesh S, Kovelakuntla V, Meyer AS, Rivero IV. Three-dimensional printing of stimuli-responsive hydrogel with antibacterial activity. Bioprinting 2020; e00106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bprint.2020.e00106

Leucht A, Volz AC, Rogal J, Borchers K, Kluger PJ. Advanced gelatin-based vascularization bioinks for extrusion-based bioprinting of vascularized bone equivalents. Scientific reports 2020; 10: 5330. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-62166-w

Jafari A, Vahid Niknezhad S, Kaviani M, Saleh W, Wong N, Van Vliet PP, Moraes C, Ajji A, Kadem L, Azarpira N, Andelfinger G, Savoji H. Formulation and Evaluation of PVA/Gelatin/Carrageenan Inks for 3D Printing and Development of Tissue-Engineered Heart Valves. Advanced Functional Materials 2023; n/a: 2305188. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202305188

Norona LM, Nguyen DG, Gerber DA, Presnell SC, Mosedale M, Watkins PB. Bioprinted liver provides early insight into the role of Kupffer cells in TGF-β1 and methotrexate-induced fibrogenesis. PloS One 2019; 14: e0208958. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208958

Lin H-H, Hsieh F-Y, Tseng C-S, Hsu S-H. Preparation and characterization of a biodegradable polyurethane hydrogel and the hybrid gel with soy protein for 3D cell-laden bioprinting. Journal of Materials Chemistry B 2016; 4: 6694-6705. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TB01501H

Jain S, Yassin MA, Fuoco T, Liu H, Mohamed-Ahmed S, Mustafa K, Finne-Wistrand A. Engineering 3D degradable, pliable scaffolds toward adipose tissue regeneration; optimized printability, simulations and surface modification. Journal of Tissue Engineering 2020; 11: 2041731420954316. https://doi.org/10.1177/2041731420954316

Jain S, Fuoco T, Yassin MA, Mustafa K, Finne-Wistrand A. Printability and Critical Insight into Polymer Properties during Direct-Extrusion Based 3D Printing of Medical Grade Polylactide and Copolyesters. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21: 388-396. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01112

Fuoco T, Ahlinder A, Jain S, Mustafa K, Finne-Wistrand A. Poly(epsilon-caprolactone-co-p-dioxanone): a Degradable and Printable Copolymer for Pliable 3D Scaffolds Fabrication toward Adipose Tissue Regeneration. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21: 188-198. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01126

Kim YB, Lee H, Kim GH. Strategy to Achieve Highly Porous/Biocompatible Macroscale Cell Blocks, Using a Collagen/Genipin-bioink and an Optimal 3D Printing Process. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2016; 8: 32230-32240. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b11669

Choi DJ, Kho Y, Park SJ, Kim Y-J, Chung S, Kim C-H. Effect of cross-linking on the dimensional stability and biocompatibility of a tailored 3D-bioprinted gelatin scaffold. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2019; 135: 659-667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.207

Contessi Negrini N, Celikkin N, Tarsini P, Farè S, Święszkowski, W. Three-dimensional printing of chemically crosslinked gelatin hydrogels for adipose tissue engineering. Biofabrication 2020; 12: 025001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5090/ab56f9

Wlodarczyk-Biegun MK, Del Campo A. 3D bioprinting of structural proteins. Biomaterials 2017; 134: 180-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.04.019

Bandyopadhyay A, Mandal BB. A three-dimensional printed silk-based biomimetic tri-layered meniscus for potential patient-specific implantation. Biofabrication 2019; 12: 015003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5090/ab40fa

Zheng Z, Wu J, Liu M, Wang H, Li C, Rodriguez MJ, Li G, Wang X, Kaplan DL. 3D Bioprinting of Self-Standing Silk-Based Bioink. Advanced Healthcare Materials 2018; 7: 1701026. https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.201701026

Olate-Moya F, Arens L, Wilhelm M, Mateos-Timoneda MA, Engel E, Palza H. Chondroinductive aginate-based hydrogels having graphene oxide for 3D printed scaffold fabrication. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2020; 12: 4343-4357. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b22062

Petta D, D’Amora U, Ambrosio L, Grijpma DW, Eglin D, D’Este M. Hyaluronic acid as a bioink for extrusion-based 3D printing. Biofabrication 2020; 12: 032001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5090/ab8752

Ngo TB, Spearman BS, Hlavac N, Schmidt CE. Three-Dimensional Bioprinted Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel Test Beds for Assessing Neural Cell Responses to Competitive Growth Stimuli. ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering 2020; 6: 6819-6830. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00940

Rahimnejad M, Labonté-Dupuis T, Demarquette NR, Lerouge S. A rheological approach to assess the printability of thermosensitive chitosan-based biomaterial inks. Biomedical Materials 2020; 16: 015003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-605X/abb2d8

Habib A, Sathish V, Mallik S, Khoda B. 3D Printability of Alginate-Carboxymethyl Cellulose Hydrogel. Materials 2018; 11: 454. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11030454

Jessop ZM, Al-Sabah A, Gao N, Kyle S, Thomas B, Badiei N, Hawkins K, Whitaker IS. Printability of pulp derived crystal, fibril and blend nanocellulose-alginate bioinks for extrusion 3D bioprinting. Biofabrication 2019; 11: 045006. https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5090/ab0631

Lim W, Kim GJ, Kim HW, Lee J, Zhang X, Kang MG, Seo JW, Cha JM, Park HJ, Lee M-Y, Shin SR, Shin SY, et al. Kappa-Carrageenan-Based Dual Crosslinkable Bioink for Extrusion Type Bioprinting. Polymers 2020; 12: 2377. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12102377

Fang W, Yang M, Wang L, Li W, Liu M, Jin Y, Wang Y, Yang R, Wang Y, Zhang K, Fu Q. Hydrogels for 3D bioprinting in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: Current progress and challenges. IJB 2023; 9. https://doi.org/10.18063/ijb.759

Groll J, Burdick JA, Cho DW, Derby B, Gelinsky M, Heilshorn SC, et al. A definition of bioinks and their distinction from biomaterial inks. Biofabrication 2018; 11: 013001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5090/aaec52

Bock N, Forouz F, Hipwood L, Clegg J, Jeffery P, Gough M, et al. GelMA, Click-Chemistry Gelatin and Bioprinted Polyethylene Glycol-Based Hydrogels as 3D Ex Vivo Drug Testing Platforms for Patient-Derived Breast Cancer Organoids. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15: 261. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15010261

Li Y, Sun X-F, Chen J, Sun L. Hemicellulose-g-PAAc/TiO2 Nanocomposite Hydrogel for Dye Removal. Journal of Research Updates in Polymer Science 2023; 12: 37-46. https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-5995.2023.12.05

Bashir S, Hina M, Iqbal J, Rajpar AH, Mujtaba MA, Alghamdi NA, Wageh S, Ramesh K, Ramesh S. Fundamental Concepts of Hydrogels: Synthesis, Properties, and Their Applications. Polymers 2020; 12: 2702. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12112702

Lebedev V, Lebedeva K, Cherkashina А, Petrushenko S, Bogatyrenko S, Olkhovska А, Hrubnyk I, Maloshtan L, Kopach V, Klochko N. Hemostatic Gelatin-Alginate Hydrogels Modified with Humic Acids and Impregnated with Aminocaproic Acid. Journal of Research Updates in Polymer Science 2024; 13: 34-44. https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-5995.2024.13.05

Sekar MP, Suresh S, Zennifer A, Sethuraman S, Sundaramurthi D. Hyaluronic Acid as Bioink and Hydrogel Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications. ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering 2023; 9: 3134-3159. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00299

Fatimi A. Cellulose-based hydrogels: Patent analysis. Journal of Research Updates in Polymer Science 2022; 11: 16-24. https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-5995.2022.11.03

Fatimi A. Chitosan-based hydrogels: Patent analysis. Materials Proceedings 2022; 9: 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2022009001

Akhramez S, Fatimi A, Okoro O.V, Hajiabbas M, Boussetta A, Moubarik A, Hafid A, Khouili M, Simińska-Stanny J, Brigode C, Shavandi A. The Circular Economy Paradigm: Modification of Bagasse-Derived Lignin as a Precursor to Sustainable Hydrogel Production. Sustainability 2022; 14: 8791. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148791

Hachimi Alaoui C, Réthoré G, Weiss P, Fatimi A. Sustainable Biomass Lignin-Based Hydrogels: A Review on Properties, Formulation, and Biomedical Applications. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2023; 24: 13493. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241713493

Morteza B, Naimeh M, Mehdi M. An Introduction to Hydrogels and Some Recent Applications. In Emerging Concepts in Analysis and Applications of Hydrogels, Sutapa Biswas, M., Ed, IntechOpen: Rijeka 2016; p. Ch. 2.

Bello AB, Kim D, Kim D, Park H, Lee S-H. Engineering and Functionalization of Gelatin Biomaterials: From Cell Culture to Medical Applications. Tissue Engineering Part B: Reviews 2020; 26: 164-180. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.teb.2019.0256

Marques CF, Diogo GS, Pina S, Oliveira JM, Silva TH, Reis RL. Collagen-based bioinks for hard tissue engineering applications: a comprehensive review. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine 2019; 30: 32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-019-6234-x

Zhou X, Nowicki M, Sun H, Hann SY, Cui H, Esworthy T, Lee JD, Plesniak M, Zhang LG. 3D Bioprinting-Tunable Small-Diameter Blood Vessels with Biomimetic Biphasic Cell Layers. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2020; 12: 45904-45915. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c14871

Zou Q, Tian X, Luo S, Yuan D, Xu S, Yang L, Ma M, Ye C. Agarose composite hydrogel and PVA sacrificial materials for bioprinting large-scale, personalized face-like with nutrient networks. Carbohydrate Polymers 2021; 269: 118222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118222

Fei Z, Brian D, Jason W. Fabrication of microvascular constructs using high resolution electrohydrodynamic inkjet printing. Biofabrication 2020.

Chakraborty J, Fernández-Pérez J, van Kampen KA, Roy S, ten Brink T, Mota C, Ghosh S, Moroni L. Development of a biomimetic arch-like 3D bioprinted construct for cartilage regeneration using gelatin methacryloyl and silk fibroin-gelatin bioinks. Biofabrication 2023; 15: 035009. https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5090/acc68f

Kasten A, Naser T, Brüllhoff K, Fiedler J, Müller P, Möller M, Rychly J, Groll J, Brenner RE. Guidance of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Fibronectin Structured Hydrogel Films. PloS One 2014; 9: e109411. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0109411

Duan K, Dash BC, Sasson DC, Islam S, Parker J, Hsia HC. Human iPSC-Derived Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in a Fibronectin Functionalized Collagen Hydrogel Augment Endothelial Cell Morphogenesis. Bioengineering 2021; 8: 223. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering8120223

Gsib O, Eggermont LJ, Egles C, Bencherif SA. Engineering a macroporous fibrin-based sequential interpenetrating polymer network for dermal tissue engineering. Biomaterials Science 2020; 8: 7106-7116. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0BM01161D

Zarrintaj P, Manouchehri S, Ahmadi Z, Saeb MR, Urbanska AM, Kaplan DL, Mozafari M. Agarose-based biomaterials for tissue engineering. Carbohydrate Polymers 2018; 187: 66-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.01.060

Skardal A, Zhang J, Prestwich GD. Bioprinting vessel-like constructs using hyaluronan hydrogels crosslinked with tetrahedral polyethylene glycol tetracrylates. Biomaterials 2010; 31: 6173-6181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.04.045

Fatimi A. Exploring the patent landscape and innovation of hydrogel-based bioinks used for 3D bioprinting. Recent Advances in Drug Delivery and Formulation 2022; 16: 145-163. https://doi.org/10.2174/2667387816666220429095834

Dell AC, Wagner G, Own J, Geibel JP. 3D Bioprinting Using Hydrogels: Cell Inks and Tissue Engineering Applications. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14: 2596. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14122596

Ning X, Huang JAY, Yuan N, Chen C, Lin D. Research Advances in Mechanical Properties and Applications of Dual Network Hydrogels. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2022; 23: 15757. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232415757

Hachimi Alaoui C, Fatimi A. A 20-year patent review and innovation trends on hydrogel-based coatings used for medical device biofabrication. Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition 2023; 34: 1255-1273. https://doi.org/10.1080/09205063.2022.2161777

Yang D. Recent Advances in Hydrogels. Chemistry of Materials 2022; 34: 1987-1989. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c00188

Hama R, Ulziibayar A, Reinhardt JW, Watanabe T, Kelly J, Shinoka T. Recent Developments in Biopolymer-Based Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering Applications. Biomolecules 2023; 13: 280. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13020280

Wu CA, Zhu Y, Woo YJ. Advances in 3D Bioprinting: Techni-ques, Applications, and Future Directions for Cardiac Tissue Engineering. Bioengineering 2023; 10: 842. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10070842

Malda J, Visser J, Melchels FP, Jüngst T, Hennink WE, Dhert WJA, Groll J, Hutmacher DW. 25th Anniversary Article: Engineering Hydrogels for Biofabrication. Advanced Materials 2013; 25: 5011-5028. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201302042

Karvinen J, Kellomäki M. Design aspects and characterization of hydrogel-based bioinks for extrusion-based bioprinting. Bioprinting 2023; 32: e00274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bprint.2023.e00274

Papaioannou TG, Manolesou D, Dimakakos E, Tsoucalas G, Vavuranakis MDT. 3D Bioprinting Methods and Techniques: Applications on Artificial Blood Vessel Fabrication. Acta Cardiol Sin 2019; 35: 284-289.

Yoon J, Han H, Jang J. Nanomaterials-incorporated hydrogels for 3D bioprinting technology. Nano Convergence 2023; 10: 52. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40580-023-00402-5

Bian L. Functional hydrogel bioink, a key challenge of 3D cellular bioprinting. APL Bioengineering 2020; 4. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0018548

Guillotin B, Ali M, Ducom A, Catros S, Keriquel V, Souquet A, Remy M, Fricain J-C, Guillemot F. Chapter 6 - Laser-Assisted Bioprinting for Tissue Engineering. In Biofabrication, Forgacs G, Sun W, Eds, William Andrew Publishing: Boston 2013; pp. 95-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4557-2852-7.00006-8

Unagolla JM, Jayasuriya AC. Hydrogel-based 3D bioprinting: A comprehensive review on cell-laden hydrogels, bioink formulations, and future perspectives. Applied Materials Today 2020; 18: 100479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2019.100479

Sánchez-Cid P, Jiménez-Rosado M, Romero A, Pérez-Puyana V. Novel Trends in Hydrogel Development for Biomedical Applications: A Review. Polymers 2022; 14: 3023. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14153023

United States Patent and Trademark Office. USPTO Database (PatFT-AppFT). Available online: https://uspto.gov/patents/ search (accessed on August 31, 2024).

World Intellectual Property Organization. The Patentscope. Available online: https://patentscope.wipo.int (accessed on August 31, 2024).

European Patent Office. Espacenet Patent Search. Available online: https://worldwide.espacenet.com (accessed on August 31, 2024).

Cambia Institute. The Lens Patent Data Set. Available online: www.lens.org (accessed on August 31, 2024).

World Intellectual Property Organization. Summary of the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT). Available online: www.wipo.int/ treaties/en/registration/pct/summary_pct.html (accessed on August 30, 2024).

European Patent Office. Espacenet Glossary. Available online: https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/help/ espacenet-glossary (accessed on August 25, 2024).

Vrana NE. Introduction to biomaterials for tissue/organ regeneration. In Biomaterials for Organ and Tissue Regeneration, Vrana NE, Knopf-Marques H, Barthes J, Eds, Woodhead Publishing 2020; pp. 3-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102906-0.00001-5

Krishani M, Shin WY, Suhaimi H, Sambudi NS. Development of Scaffolds from Bio-Based Natural Materials for Tissue Regeneration Applications: A Review. Gels 2023; 9: 100. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9020100

Abdulghafor MA, Mahmood MK, Tassery H, Tardivo D, Falguiere A, Lan R. Biomimetic Coatings in Implant Dentistry: A Quick Update. Journal of Functional Biomaterials 2024; 15: 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15010015

Vanaei S, Parizi MS, Salemizadehparizi F, Vanaei HR. An Overview on Materials and Techniques in 3D Bioprinting Toward Biomedical Application. Engineered Regeneration 2021; 2: 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engreg.2020.12.001

Jiang W, Mei H, Zhao S. Applications of 3D Bio-Printing in Tissue Engineering and Biomedicine. Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology 2021; 17: 989-1006. https://doi.org/10.1166/jbn.2021.3078

Arif ZU, Khalid MY, Noroozi R, Hossain M, Shi HH, Tariq A, Ramakrishna S, Umer R. Additive manufacturing of sustainable biomaterials for biomedical applications. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2023; 18: 100812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajps.2023.100812

Baydoun AR. Cell Culture Techniques. In Wilson and Walker's Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 8 ed, Hofmann A, Clokie S, Eds, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge 2018; pp. 40-72. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316677056.005

Herzog J, Franke L, Lai Y, Gomez Rossi P, Sachtleben J, Weuster-Botz D. 3D bioprinting of microorganisms: principles and applications. Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering 2024; 47: 443-461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-023-02965-3

Wang P, Cai F, Li Y, Yang X, Feng R, Lu H, Bai X, Han J. Emerging trends in the application of hydrogel-based biomaterials for enhanced wound healing: A literature review. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2024; 261: 129300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129300

Fatimi A. Hydrogel-based bioinks for three-dimensional bioprinting: Patent analysis. Materials Proceedings 2021; 7: 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCPS2021-11239

Dvir T, Silberman, E. Reinforced engineered cellularized-tissue. Patent Application: WO2024166113A1, PCT, August 15, 2024.

Ee Pui Lai R, Ng Jian Y, Gokhale R, Lui Yuan S. 3D Bioprinting of cell-laden-collagen gellan gum interpenetrating network hydrogel. Patent Application: US20240261475A1, United States, August 8, 2024.

Lim Ki T, Deb Dutta S. Bioink composition for preparing immunopolarized exosome laden 3D bioprinted hydrogel and use of the same. Patent Application: KR20240114492A, Republic of Korea, July 24, 2024.

Agbay A, De La Vega L, Willerth SM. Morphogenic compound-releasing microspheres and use in bioink. Granted Patent: EP3755305B1, Europe, July 17, 2024.

Cui H, Zhang Lijie G, Huang Y. Three-dimensional bioprinting of cardiac patch with anisotropic and perfusable architecture. Granted Patent: US12029832B2, United States, July 9, 2024.

Cohen D, Cornez SD, Mezquita, J, Bachrach, N. Methods of making tissue and organ replacements. Granted Patent: EP3946483B1, Europe, July 3, 2024.

Sozzani R, Horn TJ. Compositions, systems, and methods related to plant bioprinting. Patent Application: US20240200026A1, United States, June 20, 2024.

Kim SW, Lim JY, Park SH, Yoon BG, Cho D-W, Jang J, Kim SW. Human nasal turbinate-derived mesenchymal stem cell-based, 3d bioprinted construct, and use thereof. Patent Application: US20240189482A1, United States, June 13, 2024.

Li A, Wang D. Interpenetrating network microbial hydrogel with natural polysaccharide and protein and preparation method thereof. Patent Application: US20240182883A1, United States, June 6, 2024.

You S, Chen S, Xiang Y. 3D printing of high cell density vascularized tissue. Patent Application: WO2024118942A1, PCT, June 6, 2024.