The Economic Impact of High Consequence Zoonotic Pathogens: Why Preparing for these is a Wicked Problem
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-7092.2012.01.5Keywords:
Foreign animal disease, review, zoonotic, economics, international tradeAbstract
Abstract: This paper reviews literature on the economic impacts of outbreaks and control strategies for high consequence zoonotic priority diseases, ie. zoonotic diseases that are generally FADs, zoonotic diseases that occur rarely, or zoonotic diseases that have bioterrorist potential sufficient to be important for the United States. Such diseases are referred to here as zoonotic priority diseases (ZPDs).
These ZPDs are categorized into three levels of economic impact: high, moderate, and low with the recognition that there are aspects of each of these diseases that could make the categorization presented here inaccurate. Arguments are made for why determination of optimal ZPD and more generally FAD preparedness and response strategies are wicked problems. The paper concludes with the implications for further development of appropriate ZPD policy and some needs for further analyses.
References
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Anishchenko M; Bowen RA; Paessler S; Austgen L; Greene IP; Weaver SC. 2006. Venezuelan encephalitis emergence mediated by a phylogenetically predicted viral mutation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 103(13): 4994-4999.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0509961103
Baud D, O Peter, C Langel, L Regan, and G Greub. 2009. Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii and Brucella abortus among pregnant women. Clin Microbiol Infect 15(5): 499-501.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02779.x
Beach Robert H, Fred Kuchler, Ephraim Leibtag, and Chen Zhen. 2008. The effects of avian influenza news on consumer purchasing behavior: A case study of Italian consumers’ retail purchases. ERS Report 65. Pages 1-24.
Black PF, Cronin JP, Morrissy CJ, Westbury HA. 2001. Serological examination for evidence of infection with Hendra and Nipah viruses in QueenslandFoot and Mouth Disease: Introduction and Summary and Section 3 - Lessons to be Learned Inquiry Report HC888. Available at: http: //archive.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/fmd/fmd_report/report/index.htm. Accessed March 25, 2010.
García-Pérez AL, Astobiza I, Barandika JF, Atxaerandio R, Hurtado A, RA Juste. 2009. Short communication: investigation of Coxiella burnetii occurrence in dairy sheep flocks by bulk-tank milk analysis and antibody level determination. J Dairy Sci. 92(4): 1581-4.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2008-1672
Gidding Heather F, Cate Wallace, Glenda L Lawrence, and Peter B McIntyre. 2009. Australia's national Q fever vaccination program. Vaccine 27(14): 2037-41.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.02.007
Griffin D.E. 2008. Togaviruses: Equine Encephalitic Viruses. Encyclopedia of Virology (Third Edition), Pages 101-107.
Grimes, Glen, Ron Plain and Steve Meyer. 2007. Economic impact of U.S. pork trade. Working Paper No. AEWP 2007-2. Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Missouri.
Harvala Heli, John Bremner, Susan Kealey, Belinda Weller, Stuart McLellan, Graham Lloyd, Erin Staples, Federica Faggian and Tom Solomon. 2009. Case report: Eastern equine encephalitis virus imported to the UK. Journal of Medical Virology 81(2): 305-308.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.21379
Igarashi A. 1992. Epidemiology and control of Japanese encephalitis. World Health Stat Q. 45(2-3): 299-305.
James AD, and J Rushton. 2002. The economics of foot and mouth disease. Rev Sci Tech 21(3): 637-644.
Kermode Michelle, Karen Yong, Susan Hurley, and Barrie Marmion. 2003. An economic evaluation of increased uptake in Q fever vaccination among meat and agricultural industry workers following implementation of the National Q Fever Management Program. Aust NZ J Public Health. 27(4): 390-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-842X.2003.tb00415.x
Kirkland PD and RD Barry. 1986. The economic impact of Akabane virus and the cost effectiveness of vaccination in New South Wales. Arbovirus Research in Australia - Proceedings 4th Symposium, pages 229-232.
Kuchler Fred and Abebayehu Tegene. 2006. Did BSE announcements reduce beef purchases? ERS Report #34. http: //www.ers.usda.gov/media/535552/err34_reportsummary.pdf Accessed January 2007.
Lasley FA, SD Short, and WL Hensen. 1985. Economic assessment of the 1983-84 avian influenza eradication program. ERS Staff Report AGES841212. Pages 1-54.
Lim Seong In, Chang Hee Kweon, Dong Seob Tark, Seong Hee Kim and Dong Kun Yang. 2007. Sero-survey on Aino, Akabane, Chuzan, bovine ephemeral fever and Japanese encephalitis virus of cattle and swine in Korea. Journal of Veterinary Science 8(1): 45-49.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4142/jvs.2007.8.1.45
Liu Wei, John D. Clemens, Jin-ye Yang and Zhi Yi Xu. 2006. Immunization against Japanese encephalitis in China: a policy analysis. Vaccine 24: 5178-5182.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.04.006
Livestock Marketing Information Center. International Trade: Export versus import values in the US hog/pork complex. 03/28/2008. Accessed June 2009.
Maha Masri Sembiring, Vanda A Moniaga, Susan L Hills, Anton Widjaya, Agus Sasmito, Renny Hariati, Yosef Kupertino, I Ketut Artastra, M Zaenal Arifin, Bambang Supraptono, Iskandar Syarif, Julie A Jacobson and Engang R Sedyaningsih. 2009. Outcome and extent of disability following Japanese encephalitis in Indonesian children. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 13(6): e389-93.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2009.01.009Mathews Kenneth H, Jason Bernstein, and Jean C Buzby. 2008. International trade of meat/poultry products and food safety issues. Chapter 4. http: //www.ers.usda.gov/media/321543/aer828f_1_.pdf
Mathews Kenneth H, Monte Vandeveer, and Ronald A Gustafson. 2006. An economic chronology of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in North America. http: //www.ers.usda.gov/publications/ldp/2006/06Jun/ldpm14301/ldpm14301.pdf
Miller, Gay Y, Jie Ming, Ilse Williams, and Richard Gorvett. 2012. Probability of Foot and Mouth Disease from Live Animal Importation into the United States. Accepted for publication to appear in December 2012 in Revue Scientifique et Technique de l’Office International des Epizootie, Volume 31(3).
Murray Keith, Paul Selleck, Peter Hooper, Alex Hyatt, Allan Gould, Lauria Gleeson, Harvey Westberry, Lester Hiley, Linda Selvey, Barry Rodwell, and Peter Ketterer. 1995. A morbillivirus that caused fatal disease in horses and humans. Science 268: 94-97.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.7701348
Narrod Clare, Jakob Zinsstag, and Marites Tiongco. 2012. A One Health Framework for Estimating the Economic Costs of Zoonotic Diseases on Society. EcoHealth 9: 150-162.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10393-012-0747-9
OIE. 2012. Terrestrial Animal Health Code. Accessed 10-3-2012. http: //www.oie.int/international-standard-setting/terrestrial-code/access-online/
Paarlberg Philip L, John G Lee, and Ann H Seitzinger. 2002. Potential revenue impact of an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in the United States. JAVMA 220(7): 988-992.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2002.220.988
Paarlberg Philip L, Ann Hillberg Seitzinger and John G Lee. 2007. Economic impacts of regionalization of a highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreak in the United States. Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 39(2): 325-333.
Paarlberg Philip L, Ann H Seitzinger, John G Lee, and Kenneth H Mathews, Jr. 2008. Economic impacts of foreign animal disease. ERS Report Number 57.
Pape M, Mandraveli K, Nikolaidis P, Alexiou-Daniel St, Arvanitidou-Vagiona M. 2009. Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii in a healthy population from northern Greece. Clin Microbiol Infect. 15 (Suppl. 2), 148-149.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02162.x
Pelzel Angela M, Brian J McCluskey, and Aaron E Scott. 2006. Review of the highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreak in Texas. J Am Vet Med Assoc 228: 1869-1875.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.228.12.1869
Pork Leader. 2010. http: //www.pork.org/filelibrary/Pork%20Leader/ August262010PorkLeader.pdf
Reimann Carolyn A, Edward B Hayes, Carolyn DiGuiseppi, Richard Hoffman, Jennifer A Lehman, Nicole P Lindsey, Grant L Campbell, and Marc Fischer. 2008. Epidemiology of neuroinvasive arboviral disease in the United States, 1999-2007. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 79(6): 974-979.
Reserve Bank of New Zealand and the Treasury. 2003. The macroeconomic impacts of a foot-and-mouth disease outbreak: An information paper for Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. http: //archive.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/fmd/fmd_report/report/index.htm. 14.1: The government’s estimate of the impact of FMD on the economy as a whole. Last accessed 8-26-09.
Rich, KM, GY Miller and A Winter-Nelson. 2005. Review of Economic Tools for the Assessment of Animal Disease Outbreaks. Revue Scientifique etTechnique de l’Office International des Epizootie 24(3): 833-845.
Rico-Hesse R. 2000. Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice 16(3): 553-563.
Rochlin I, K Harding, HS Ginsberg, and SR Campbell. 2008. Comparative analysis of distribution and abundance of West Nile and eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus vectors in Suffolk County, New York, using human population density and land use/cover data. Journal of Medical Entomology 45(3)563-571.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-2585(2008)45[563:CAODAA]2.0.CO;2
Ruiz-Fons Franciso, Oscar Rodríguez, Allessandra Torina, Victoria Naranjo, Christian Gortázar and Jose de la Fuente. 2008. Prevalence of Coxiella burnetti infection in wild and farmed ungulates. Vet Microbiol 126(1-3): 282-6.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.06.020
Soumare, Baba, Eric Thys, Dirk Berkvens, Ahmed Hashi, and Guido Van Huylenbroeck. 2007. Effects of livestock import bans imposed by Saudi Arabia on Somaliland for sanitary reasons related to Rift Valley fever. Outlook on Agriculture 35(1): 19-24.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000006776207645
Tambi EN, OW Maina and JC Mariner. 2004. Ex-ante economic analysis of animal disease surveillance. Revue Scientifique et Technique 23(3): 737-52. javascript: PopUpMenu2_Set(Menu15861869)
Tsai, Theodore F. 2000. New initiatives for the control of Japanese encephalitis virus by vaccination: minutes of a WHO/CVI meeting Bangkok, Thailand. Vaccine 18 (suppl 2): 1-25.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0264-410X(00)00037-2
Turell Michael J, David J Dohm, Christopher N Mores, Lucas Terracina, Dennis L Wallette Jr, Lawrence J Hribar, James E Pecor and Jamie A Blow. 2008. Potential for North American mosquitoes to transmit Rift Valley fever virus. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 24(4): 502-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/08-5791.1
Umber, Jamie K, Gay Y Miller and William D Hueston. 2010. Indemnity payments in foreign animal disease eradication campaigns in the United States. JAVMA 236(7): 742-750.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.236.7.742
USAHA. 2008. Foreign Animal Diseases. Pages 301-304.
Velasco Roman Perez, Naiyana Praditsitthikorn, Kamonthip Wichmann, Adun Mohara, Surachai Kotirum, Sripen Tantivess, Constanza Vallenas, Hande Harmanci and Yot Teerawattananon. 2012. Systematic Review of Economic Evaluations of Preparedness Strategies and Interventions against Influenza Pandemics. PLoS One 7(2): e30333.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030333
Villari Paolo, Andrew Spielman, Nicholas Komar, Michael McDowell, Ralph J Timperi. 1995. The economic burden imposed by a residual case of eastern encephalitis. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 52(1): 8-13.
Weaver Scott C, Cristina Ferro, Roberto Barrera, Jorge Boshell and Juan-Carlos Navarro. 2004. Venezuelan equine encephalitis. Annu Rev Entomol 49: 141-174.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.49.061802.123422
WHO 2010. Rift Valley fever fact sheet. Available at and last accessed on 9-21-12: (http: //www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs207/en/)
Yang PC, RM Chu, WB Chung and HT Sung. 1999. Epidemiological characteristics and financial costs of the 1997 foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in Taiwan. The Veterinary Record 145: 731-734.
Young David S, Laura D Kramer, Joseph G Maffei, Robert J Dusek, Bryan Backenson, Christopher N Mores, Kristen A Bernard and Gregory D Ebel. 2008. Molecular epidemiology of eastern equine encephalitis virus. New York. Emerging Infectious Diseases 14(3): 454-460.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070816
Anishchenko M; Bowen RA; Paessler S; Austgen L; Greene IP; Weaver SC. 2006. Venezuelan encephalitis emergence mediated by a phylogenetically predicted viral mutation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 103(13): 4994-4999.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0509961103
Baud D, O Peter, C Langel, L Regan, and G Greub. 2009. Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii and Brucella abortus among pregnant women. Clin Microbiol Infect 15(5): 499-501.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02779.x
Beach Robert H, Fred Kuchler, Ephraim Leibtag, and Chen Zhen. 2008. The effects of avian influenza news on consumer purchasing behavior: A case study of Italian consumers’ retail purchases. ERS Report 65. Pages 1-24.
Black PF, Cronin JP, Morrissy CJ, Westbury HA. 2001. Serological examination for evidence of infection with Hendra and Nipah viruses in QueenslandFoot and Mouth Disease: Introduction and Summary and Section 3 - Lessons to be Learned Inquiry Report HC888. Available at: http: //archive.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/fmd/fmd_report/report/index.htm. Accessed March 25, 2010.
García-Pérez AL, Astobiza I, Barandika JF, Atxaerandio R, Hurtado A, RA Juste. 2009. Short communication: investigation of Coxiella burnetii occurrence in dairy sheep flocks by bulk-tank milk analysis and antibody level determination. J Dairy Sci. 92(4): 1581-4.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2008-1672
Gidding Heather F, Cate Wallace, Glenda L Lawrence, and Peter B McIntyre. 2009. Australia's national Q fever vaccination program. Vaccine 27(14): 2037-41.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.02.007
Griffin D.E. 2008. Togaviruses: Equine Encephalitic Viruses. Encyclopedia of Virology (Third Edition), Pages 101-107.
Grimes, Glen, Ron Plain and Steve Meyer. 2007. Economic impact of U.S. pork trade. Working Paper No. AEWP 2007-2. Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Missouri.
Harvala Heli, John Bremner, Susan Kealey, Belinda Weller, Stuart McLellan, Graham Lloyd, Erin Staples, Federica Faggian and Tom Solomon. 2009. Case report: Eastern equine encephalitis virus imported to the UK. Journal of Medical Virology 81(2): 305-308.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.21379
Igarashi A. 1992. Epidemiology and control of Japanese encephalitis. World Health Stat Q. 45(2-3): 299-305.
James AD, and J Rushton. 2002. The economics of foot and mouth disease. Rev Sci Tech 21(3): 637-644.
Kermode Michelle, Karen Yong, Susan Hurley, and Barrie Marmion. 2003. An economic evaluation of increased uptake in Q fever vaccination among meat and agricultural industry workers following implementation of the National Q Fever Management Program. Aust NZ J Public Health. 27(4): 390-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-842X.2003.tb00415.x
Kirkland PD and RD Barry. 1986. The economic impact of Akabane virus and the cost effectiveness of vaccination in New South Wales. Arbovirus Research in Australia - Proceedings 4th Symposium, pages 229-232.
Kuchler Fred and Abebayehu Tegene. 2006. Did BSE announcements reduce beef purchases? ERS Report #34. http: //www.ers.usda.gov/media/535552/err34_reportsummary.pdf Accessed January 2007.
Lasley FA, SD Short, and WL Hensen. 1985. Economic assessment of the 1983-84 avian influenza eradication program. ERS Staff Report AGES841212. Pages 1-54.
Lim Seong In, Chang Hee Kweon, Dong Seob Tark, Seong Hee Kim and Dong Kun Yang. 2007. Sero-survey on Aino, Akabane, Chuzan, bovine ephemeral fever and Japanese encephalitis virus of cattle and swine in Korea. Journal of Veterinary Science 8(1): 45-49.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4142/jvs.2007.8.1.45
Liu Wei, John D. Clemens, Jin-ye Yang and Zhi Yi Xu. 2006. Immunization against Japanese encephalitis in China: a policy analysis. Vaccine 24: 5178-5182.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.04.006
Livestock Marketing Information Center. International Trade: Export versus import values in the US hog/pork complex. 03/28/2008. Accessed June 2009.
Maha Masri Sembiring, Vanda A Moniaga, Susan L Hills, Anton Widjaya, Agus Sasmito, Renny Hariati, Yosef Kupertino, I Ketut Artastra, M Zaenal Arifin, Bambang Supraptono, Iskandar Syarif, Julie A Jacobson and Engang R Sedyaningsih. 2009. Outcome and extent of disability following Japanese encephalitis in Indonesian children. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 13(6): e389-93.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2009.01.009Mathews Kenneth H, Jason Bernstein, and Jean C Buzby. 2008. International trade of meat/poultry products and food safety issues. Chapter 4. http: //www.ers.usda.gov/media/321543/aer828f_1_.pdf
Mathews Kenneth H, Monte Vandeveer, and Ronald A Gustafson. 2006. An economic chronology of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in North America. http: //www.ers.usda.gov/publications/ldp/2006/06Jun/ldpm14301/ldpm14301.pdf
Miller, Gay Y, Jie Ming, Ilse Williams, and Richard Gorvett. 2012. Probability of Foot and Mouth Disease from Live Animal Importation into the United States. Accepted for publication to appear in December 2012 in Revue Scientifique et Technique de l’Office International des Epizootie, Volume 31(3).
Murray Keith, Paul Selleck, Peter Hooper, Alex Hyatt, Allan Gould, Lauria Gleeson, Harvey Westberry, Lester Hiley, Linda Selvey, Barry Rodwell, and Peter Ketterer. 1995. A morbillivirus that caused fatal disease in horses and humans. Science 268: 94-97.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.7701348
Narrod Clare, Jakob Zinsstag, and Marites Tiongco. 2012. A One Health Framework for Estimating the Economic Costs of Zoonotic Diseases on Society. EcoHealth 9: 150-162.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10393-012-0747-9
OIE. 2012. Terrestrial Animal Health Code. Accessed 10-3-2012. http: //www.oie.int/international-standard-setting/terrestrial-code/access-online/
Paarlberg Philip L, John G Lee, and Ann H Seitzinger. 2002. Potential revenue impact of an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in the United States. JAVMA 220(7): 988-992.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2002.220.988
Paarlberg Philip L, Ann Hillberg Seitzinger and John G Lee. 2007. Economic impacts of regionalization of a highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreak in the United States. Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 39(2): 325-333.
Paarlberg Philip L, Ann H Seitzinger, John G Lee, and Kenneth H Mathews, Jr. 2008. Economic impacts of foreign animal disease. ERS Report Number 57.
Pape M, Mandraveli K, Nikolaidis P, Alexiou-Daniel St, Arvanitidou-Vagiona M. 2009. Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii in a healthy population from northern Greece. Clin Microbiol Infect. 15 (Suppl. 2), 148-149.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02162.x
Pelzel Angela M, Brian J McCluskey, and Aaron E Scott. 2006. Review of the highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreak in Texas. J Am Vet Med Assoc 228: 1869-1875.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.228.12.1869
Pork Leader. 2010. http: //www.pork.org/filelibrary/Pork%20Leader/ August262010PorkLeader.pdf
Reimann Carolyn A, Edward B Hayes, Carolyn DiGuiseppi, Richard Hoffman, Jennifer A Lehman, Nicole P Lindsey, Grant L Campbell, and Marc Fischer. 2008. Epidemiology of neuroinvasive arboviral disease in the United States, 1999-2007. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 79(6): 974-979.
Reserve Bank of New Zealand and the Treasury. 2003. The macroeconomic impacts of a foot-and-mouth disease outbreak: An information paper for Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. http: //archive.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/fmd/fmd_report/report/index.htm. 14.1: The government’s estimate of the impact of FMD on the economy as a whole. Last accessed 8-26-09.
Rich, KM, GY Miller and A Winter-Nelson. 2005. Review of Economic Tools for the Assessment of Animal Disease Outbreaks. Revue Scientifique etTechnique de l’Office International des Epizootie 24(3): 833-845.
Rico-Hesse R. 2000. Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice 16(3): 553-563.
Rochlin I, K Harding, HS Ginsberg, and SR Campbell. 2008. Comparative analysis of distribution and abundance of West Nile and eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus vectors in Suffolk County, New York, using human population density and land use/cover data. Journal of Medical Entomology 45(3)563-571.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-2585(2008)45[563:CAODAA]2.0.CO;2
Ruiz-Fons Franciso, Oscar Rodríguez, Allessandra Torina, Victoria Naranjo, Christian Gortázar and Jose de la Fuente. 2008. Prevalence of Coxiella burnetti infection in wild and farmed ungulates. Vet Microbiol 126(1-3): 282-6.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.06.020
Soumare, Baba, Eric Thys, Dirk Berkvens, Ahmed Hashi, and Guido Van Huylenbroeck. 2007. Effects of livestock import bans imposed by Saudi Arabia on Somaliland for sanitary reasons related to Rift Valley fever. Outlook on Agriculture 35(1): 19-24.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000006776207645
Tambi EN, OW Maina and JC Mariner. 2004. Ex-ante economic analysis of animal disease surveillance. Revue Scientifique et Technique 23(3): 737-52. javascript: PopUpMenu2_Set(Menu15861869)
Tsai, Theodore F. 2000. New initiatives for the control of Japanese encephalitis virus by vaccination: minutes of a WHO/CVI meeting Bangkok, Thailand. Vaccine 18 (suppl 2): 1-25.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0264-410X(00)00037-2
Turell Michael J, David J Dohm, Christopher N Mores, Lucas Terracina, Dennis L Wallette Jr, Lawrence J Hribar, James E Pecor and Jamie A Blow. 2008. Potential for North American mosquitoes to transmit Rift Valley fever virus. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 24(4): 502-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/08-5791.1
Umber, Jamie K, Gay Y Miller and William D Hueston. 2010. Indemnity payments in foreign animal disease eradication campaigns in the United States. JAVMA 236(7): 742-750.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.236.7.742
USAHA. 2008. Foreign Animal Diseases. Pages 301-304.
Velasco Roman Perez, Naiyana Praditsitthikorn, Kamonthip Wichmann, Adun Mohara, Surachai Kotirum, Sripen Tantivess, Constanza Vallenas, Hande Harmanci and Yot Teerawattananon. 2012. Systematic Review of Economic Evaluations of Preparedness Strategies and Interventions against Influenza Pandemics. PLoS One 7(2): e30333.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030333
Villari Paolo, Andrew Spielman, Nicholas Komar, Michael McDowell, Ralph J Timperi. 1995. The economic burden imposed by a residual case of eastern encephalitis. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 52(1): 8-13.
Weaver Scott C, Cristina Ferro, Roberto Barrera, Jorge Boshell and Juan-Carlos Navarro. 2004. Venezuelan equine encephalitis. Annu Rev Entomol 49: 141-174.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.49.061802.123422
WHO 2010. Rift Valley fever fact sheet. Available at and last accessed on 9-21-12: (http: //www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs207/en/)
Yang PC, RM Chu, WB Chung and HT Sung. 1999. Epidemiological characteristics and financial costs of the 1997 foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in Taiwan. The Veterinary Record 145: 731-734.
Young David S, Laura D Kramer, Joseph G Maffei, Robert J Dusek, Bryan Backenson, Christopher N Mores, Kristen A Bernard and Gregory D Ebel. 2008. Molecular epidemiology of eastern equine encephalitis virus. New York. Emerging Infectious Diseases 14(3): 454-460.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070816
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2012-11-06
How to Cite
Miller, G. Y., & Parent, K. (2012). The Economic Impact of High Consequence Zoonotic Pathogens: Why Preparing for these is a Wicked Problem. Journal of Reviews on Global Economics, 1, 47–61. https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-7092.2012.01.5
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