Failed Rescue Mission, Child Prostitution and Resuccumbing Factors in Gauteng, South Africa
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2020.09.18Keywords:
Child prostitutio, Child victims, Failed rescue mission, Resuccumbing factors,, Safe shelters, Sexual exploitationAbstract
The study describes child prostitution as the worst violation of fundamental Human Rights – a pervasive trend that has been synonymous to modern form of slavery. There is evidence that children usually get initiated into prostitution either by being abducted or lured by promises of certain existential needs of life. Despite the degree at which prostitution renders children and youths vulnerable to physical health crises and psychological harm, they still resuccumb to prostitution after having been rescued by organizations of concern. It was discovered that most of the children that participated in the questionnaire-based survey had been rescued from prostitution more than once in their respective lifetimes. The study established that children’s resuccumbing to prostitution is precipitated by factors such as money, drugs and alcohol addiction, as well as a sense of independence. The study recommends further research inquiries to be undertaken to better understand the intricacies associated with sexual exploitation of children and provide more effective and culturally sensitive measures to prevent affected children from these unscrupulous practices. Strengthening the effectiveness of counselling techniques in rehabilitating sexually exploited children is another way forward.
References
Baker, S. 2000. The Changing Situation of Child Prostitution in Northern Thailand: A Study of Changwat Chiang Rai, ECPAT International, Bangkok. [ecpat]
Balakrishnan, K. 2020. Cultural Context of Human Rights Violations Against Children in Asian Countries: Why Do Children Become Easy Targets? Human Rights Violations in India. In Global Perspectives on Victimization Analysis and Prevention (pp. 190-207). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1112-1.ch011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1112-1.ch011
Bamgbose, O. 2002. Teenage prostitution and the future of the female adolescent in Nigeria. International Journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology, 46(5), 569-585. https://doi.org/10.1177/030662402236741 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/030662402236741
Bolowana, A. 2004. 40 000 child prostitutes: street children vulnerable to sex trade; accessed on 3 April 2007.
Cooper, A. 2003. Sex syndicates prey on Durban’s children. Available at: http://www.101.co.za/general/news/newsprint php?art_id=vn20030124052936520c56; accessed on 13 September 2007.
Denisova, T.A. 2001. Trafficking in women and children for purpose of sexual exploitation: the criminological aspects. Trends in organised crime,6, 30-36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12117-001-1003-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12117-001-1003-9
Department of Health. 2000. Safeguarding Children Involved in Prostitution-Supplementary Guidance to Working Together to Safeguard Children. London: DoH.
End Child prostitution, Child Pornography and child trafficking (International). 2001. Global Monitoring Report on the Status of Action against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of children. Thailand: End child prostitution, child pornography and trafficking of children for sexual purposes.
Faulkner, E. A. 2020. Historical Evolution of the International Legal Responses to the Trafficking of Children: A Critique. The Palgrave International Handbook of Human Trafficking, 79-95. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63058-8_113 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63058-8_113
Fraley, A. 2005. Child Sex Tourism Legislation Under the Protection Act: Does it Really Protect?, St John’s Law Review, 79(445).445-483.
Font, S. A., Miyamoto, S., and Pinto, C. N. 2020. Child Sexual Abuse and Exploitation in Pennsylvania.
Green, S. P. 2018. To see and be seen: Reconstructing the law of voyeurism and exhibitionism. Am. Crim. L. Rev., 55, 203.
Henry-Lee, A. 2020. Children in Violent Circumstances. In Endangered and Transformative Childhood in Caribbean Small Island Developing States (pp. 103-140). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25568-8_5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25568-8_5
Hesselink-Louw, A.E. 2001. ‘N Viktimologies Ondersoek na Vroulike Kindersekswerkers met Specifieke verwysing na Gauteng. (a Victimological investigation into Females child sex workers with special reference to Gauteng) MA Dissertation. Pretoria: University of Pretoria.
Hipolito, C. 2007. The Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children. Masters of Arts in Criminology and Criminal Justice, Arlington: University of Texes.
Hounmenou, C. 2016. Exploring child prostitution in a major city in the West African region. Child Abuse & Neglect, 59, 26-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.07.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.07.003
International Labour Organization (ILO) analysis.1993-1994. The Sexual Behaviour ofAmerican College Women: An Empirical Study and an Historical Survey. Merrill- Palmer Quarterly of Behavior and Development 11, no. 1:33–48.
Iqbal, K., Moeen, M., Ali, A. and Iqbal, A., 2020. Mixture regression cum ratio estimators of population mean under stratified random sampling. Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation, pp.1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/00949655.2019.1710149 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00949655.2019.1710149
Jonas, R. 2019. Who's got the Power? A Practical theological reflection on the power relations in the" Blesser" phenomenon amoung female adolescence in South Africa. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86720 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86720
Jones, C. 2019. South African perspective on sexual slavery, sex work and exploitation. IntechOpen
Klain, E. J. 1999. Prostitution of Children and Child Sex Tourism: An Analysis of Domestic and Internationals Responses (1-99-019). Alexandria, Virginia: National Centre for Missing and Exploited Children.
Karlsen, H. 2019. Youth Health and Wellbeing: Risk and protective factors in school-going adolescent´ s sexual behavior in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (Master's thesis, The University of Bergen).
Mufune, P. 2015. Poverty and HIV/AIDS in Africa: Specifying the connections. Social Theory & Health, 13(1), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1057/sth.2014.14 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/sth.2014.14
Neethling, A. Senior Superintendent. 2007. Provincial Coordinator of the Domestic Violence, Child Protection and Sexual Offences Unit, Gauteng. The South African Police Service. Topic: Child Prostitution in Gauteng. Personal Interview, 18 April 2007
Nicolaou, K and Durieux, M. 2005. Addressing Child Rights and Child Labour. A PovertyStrategy for South Africa? IDASA, Children’s Institute (U.C.T).
Olofinbiyi et al. 2015. Adolescent prostitution in south-western Nigeria:Demographic characteristics and risk factors. Tropical Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology SSN 01895178 .Vol.32(1),pp 132-136
Olofinbiyi, S. A., Olofinbiyi, B. A., and Oyefara, J. L. 2016. Use of drugs and criminal behaviour among female adolescent prostitutes in Lagos metropolis, Nigeria. Contemporary Social Science, 11(4), 347-361. https://doi.org/10.1080/21582041.2016.1243255 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21582041.2016.1243255
Olofinbiyi, B. A., Olofinbiyi, S. A., Olatunya, O. S., Rosiji, B. O., Olofinbiyi, R. O., Olofinbiyi, O. B. and Olaogun, O. D. 2018. Human immunodeficiency virus awareness and condom use among female adolescent prostitutes in Lagos, Nigeria. The Pan African medical journal, 31, 178. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2018.31.178.17034 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2018.31.178.17034
Olofinbiyi, S. A., Mkhize, S., Dlamini, S., Maluleke, W., and Olofinbiyi, O. B. 2019. Social dimension of risk behaviours among adolescent prostitutes: Insight from South-Western Nigeria. Cogent Social Sciences, 5(1), 1565616. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2019.1565616 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2019.1565616
Outshoorn, J. 2019. Ward, Eilís and Gillian Wylie (eds.), Feminism, Prostitution and the State. The Politics of Neo-Abolitionism. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 16(2), 251-253. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-018-0369-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-018-0369-2
Roby, J.L. 2005. Women and Children in the Global Sex Trade: Toward More effective Policy. International Social Work, 48, 136-147. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872805050206 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872805050206
Santos, O. 1996. Sale of Children must be Eliminated. United Nations Chronicle, 33(2), 61.
Smith, A. 2004. S.A is becoming another Thailand, warns NGOs. Available at: http://www.iol.co.za/general/news/newsprint. php?art_id=vn200412040-95816104c59; Accessed on 13 September 2007.
Thompson, D. 2019. Commentary: the internet, social media, relationships and sex. Tizard Learning Disability Review. https://doi.org/10.1108/TLDR-11-2018-0031 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/TLDR-11-2018-0031
Topi, K. 2004. Child Prostitution (with a focus on the situation in South East Asia). MA dissertation. America: the international University.
Tsai, C., and Dichter, M. E. 2019. The trafficking of children in the Greater Mekong Region: a review of recent literature. Child abuse review, 28(3), 198-208. https://doi.org/10.1002/car.2562 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/car.2562
United Nations Children’s Fund. 2001. Profiting from abuse: An investigation into the sexual exploitation of our children. New York: Unicef.
Van der Merwe, K. 2007. Combating Crime against Women and Children. Project Priscilla- a mere chapter in the child prostitution racket, caged kids. Available: http://www.saps.gov.za/docs_publs/publications/journal/novdec/caged.htm. Accessed on 13 September 2007.
Van Niekerk, J.2003. Children first. Implications of the Sexual Offences Bill for the protection of children. Issue 51/52, October/December: 1-50.
Willis, B.M and Levy, B.S. 2002. Child Prostitution: Global Health Burden, Research Needs and Interventions. The Lancet, VOL, 359. 20 April: 1417-1422. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08355-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08355-1
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Policy for Journals/Articles with Open Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post links to their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work
Policy for Journals / Manuscript with Paid Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Publisher retain copyright .
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post links to their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work .
