The Missing Links: Towards the Effective Management and Control of Corruption in Nigeria, Africa and the Global South
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2016.05.03Keywords:
Corruption, Public Corruption, control, effective management, Global South, Africa, NigeriaAbstract
Corruption has become a full blown cancer in Nigeria, Africa and other Global South countries, consequently bringing about economic backwardness, political instability, social insecurity, infrastructural decay, unaccountability, negation of the principle of law, etc. Efforts towards curbing it have failed woefully. It is evident that there are missing links towards effective management and control of the phenomenon in these areas. Based on secondary data, and using Nigeria as sample, this paper examined these missing links towards effective management and control of the phenomenon. Since corruption is multi-faceted i.e. manifests through multiplicity of factors ranging from ethno-religious, and sectional sentiments on one hand, and on the other, reflected in the social classes of active, and non-active players of the phenomenon; as well as international factors sustaining the menace; not leaving the mechanisms for control and management of the whole process of its prevalence. Thus, an integrative theoretical approach was used to explain these missing links which have been identified as corrupt individuals in the corridors of power; defective/imbalance of political and social structure; legal justice; social justice; and international collaboration. Findings reveal: political powers in the hands of corrupt individuals; poor implementation of legal and social justice among others account for the persistence of corruption in these areas. Some of the recommendations include: having individuals with proven records of integrity vie for political elective positions; there should be no sacred cows in the fight against corruption; and, there should be a redefinition of the core values to define corruption.
References
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Nwosu, I. (2015). FG Charges Senate President. Daily sun. September 17, pp.6.
Obalonye, J.T. (2015, September 29). Dismantle safe havens for corrupt proceeds, Buhari urges world leaders. Daily Sun, p.7.
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Odekunle, F., & Lame, I. (2000). Fighting corruption and organized crime in Nigeria: Challenges for the new millennium. Ibadan: Spectrum Books.
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Ogundele, K. (2012). Court order assembly to disclose lawmakers’ packages. The Nation, June 26, pp. 6.
Ojo, S. (2012). Waziri’s 42 months in EFCC. Daily Sun, November 24, pp.7.
Okocha, E. (2015). I came to bury Ceasar, not topraise Zik...Daily Sun, September 23, pp 49.
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Omipidan, I. et al. (2015:7). Labour in mass action over corruption: shuts down Abuja, other cities in support of anti-graft war. Daily Sun, September 11, pp.7.
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Onyejena, E. (2012). Disappointed by Farouk Lawan. This Day, June 2, pp. 18.
Osoba, S. (1996). Corruption in Nigeria: Historical perspectives. Review of African Political Economy, Vol. 23, No. 69, pp. 371-386.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03056249608704203
Our Milestone (2010). Anti-graft war: The impact is real. Nigeria’s Economic and Financial Crimes Commission, Vol. 1, No. 1, May 2010.
Ribadu, N. (2004). Anti-corruption management. Abuja: Ethics Resource Centre.
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Tsa, G. (2015). Anti-graft war: CJN, NBA, divided over corrupt judges. Daily Sun, September 22, pp.8.
Umez, B. N. (2012). On the Fuel subsidy removal protests. The Punch, January 17, pp.16.
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Yesufu, K., and Itua, F. (2015). 2015 budget: FG blows illegal N222b on subsidy. Daily Sun, September 23, pp.3.
Yusuf, A. (2011). EFCC detains Bankole after dramatic arrest: How N10b loan was shared by ex-speaker. The Nation, June 6, pp.1&2.
Yusuf, A. (2012, March 21). EFCC arrests OSOPADEC chairman over alleged N61.63 b fraud. The Nation, p.6.
Yusuf, A. (2012). N4.56b ‘fraud’ trail: EFCC seizes ex-director’s houses. Expansion director loses hotel, filing stations. The Nation, March 27,pp.1&2.
Yusufu, A. (2012). ‘$620,000 Bribe’: Lawan Set for Legal Battle. The Nation, June 26,pp.6.
Yusufu, A. (2012, March 22). N40m Bribe: House, Secallege Document Forgery. The Nation, pp. 1.
Zero Tolerance (2008). 5th anniversary edition. The Magazine of Nigeria’s Economic and Financial Crimes Commission, Vol. 3, No. 1, March.
Zero Tolerance (2009). Anti-corruption revolution Kick Off. The Magazine of Nigeria’s Economic and Financial Crimes Commission, Vol. 4, No. 1, February
Zero Tolerance (2009). The new face of money laundering. The Magazine of Nigeria’s Economic and Financial Crimes Commission, Vol. 4, No. 2, July
Agba, G. (2012). Nigeria Leads in Crude Oil Theft – Jonathan. Leadership, June 25, pp. 5.
Agbaje, O. (2012). EFCC: What next after Waziri. Daily Sun, November 24, pp. 7.
Agedah, D. (1993). Corruption and stability of the third republic. Lagos: Perception Communications.
Aiyetan, D. (2007). From power to prison. Tell, July 30, pp. 23-27. Lagos.
Ajie, H & Wokekoro, O. (2012). The impact of corruption on sustainable economic growth and development in Nigeria. International Journal of Economic Development Research and Investment, Vol. 3, No.1
Ake, C. (2003). Democracy and development in Africa. Ibadan: Spectrum Books Limited.
Akinkoye, O. (1986). Pathways to corruption in Nigeria: Corruption in development (pp. 92-95). The 1982 Proceeding of Nigerian Anthropological and Sociological Association, held in Zaria 10th – 13th May. Edited by Odekunle, F. Ibadan: University Press.
Alli, Y. (2011). N6.18b Abacha loot recovered. The Nation. Retrieved from www.thenationolineng.net/2011/index… 20/06/2012.
Alowes, J.E. (2015). Of trust, votes and governance. Daily Sun. September 17pp52.
Anti-Corruption agency-Wikipedia the free encyclopaedia https://en.m.wikipedia.org/.../Anti-(No Date) Retrieved 25th, September 2015.
Constitution of the federal republic of Nigeria (1999). Lagos: Federal Government Press.
Corruption in Ghana-Wikipedia the free encyclopaedia https://en.m.wikipaedia.org/.../corruption-
Corruption Perceptions Index: Transparency International Cpi. Tranprency.org/
Criminal Code Cap “C38”, Economic and Financial Crime Commission Act with cases & Materials (2010 Edition). Laws of the Federation, 2004. Princeton Publishing Company.
Edofolks-Gideon Orka’s Memorial Speech-Edofolk. Com (No Date). Retrieved September 19, 2015 from Wikipedia the free encyclopaedia. www.edofolks.com/html/pub15htm
Economic and Financial Crimes Commission –EFCC- Executive---(No Date). Retrieved April 6, 2012 from Wikipedia the free encyclopaedia. www.efccnigeria.org.operations.html.
EFCC Hands over indicted Nigerian fraudster to United State. Saharareporters.com>Home Retrieved 25/06/2012.
EFCC’s Demand for a special court: A Dangerous Trend (No. Date). Retrieved April 20, 2012 from Wikipedia the free encyclopaedia. Elombah.com/index.php.
Ejionye, U. A & Emereumaonu, E. U. (1986). Corruption as culture in Nigerian development: Corruption in development (pp. 274-280). The 1982 Proceeding of Nigerian Anthropological and Sociological Association, held in Zaria 10th – 13th May. Edited by Odekunle, F. Ibadan: University Press.
Ekeh, P. (1975). Colonialism and the two republics: A theoretical statement. Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 17, No. 1. pp. 91-112.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0010417500007659
Elite theory (No. Date). Retrieved April 8, 2012 from Wikipedia the free encyclopedia.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/elite-theory.
Emewu, I. (2015). TSA: CBN inherits empty accounts. Daily Sun. September 17pp3.
Enweremadu, D. U. (2011). Anti-corruption policies in Nigeria under Obasanjo and Yar’Adua: What to do after 2011?
Fabi, R. (2008). Nigeria President seeks end to immunity for leaders. Abuja (Reuters). Retrieved April 20, 2012 from Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia.www.nairaland.com/206051/yaradua -see...
Federal Ministry of Information (1994). Nigeria a viable black power: Economic development plans, programmes, policies & projections. Lagos: Polcom Press.
Femia, E & Joseph, V. (2006). Panel to political theory. London: Routledge.
Hamgbaba, O. A. (2007). Of national ethics and anti-corruption. Abuja: Project Edge Leadership retreat.
Ibori extradited to UK to face corruption charges www.transparencyng.com/index.php/au... Retrieved 25/06/2012
Igwe, S. C. (2010). How Africa underdeveloped Africa. Port Harcourt: Professional Printers & Publishers.
Ikoiwak, E.A. (1986). Political office holders, bureaucrats and corruption in Nigeria: Corruption in development (pp. 82-91). The 1982 Proceeding of Nigerian Anthropological and Sociological Association, held in Zaria 10th – 13th May. Edited by Odekunle, F. Ibadan: University Press.
Judicial reform Panel kicks against special court for EFCC, ICPC. (No. Date). Retrieved April20, 2012 from Wikipedia the free encyclopaedia. www.tribunal.coming/index.php/news/3...
Kazeem, O. (2015, October 6). Diezani, brothers to face trial for alleged bribery. The Nation, p. 1, 6 & 8.
Kimberly, A., & Elliot, E. (2010). Corruption as an International Policy Problem: Overview and Recommendations. The Peterson Institute for International Economics.
Mexico Among The World’s Most Corrupt Nations in 2014. News...www.forbes.com/.../mexico-among-the-
Mohammed, A. S. (1986). Nepotism as a form of corruption, in Nigeria: Corruption in development (pp. 69-81). The 1982 Proceeding of Nigerian Anthropological and Sociological Association, held in Zaria 10th – 13 the May. Edited by Odekunle, F. Ibadan: University Press.
Money Laundery (prohibition) Act (2004). Explanatory memorandum. Abuja: Heritage Press Limited.
Mpamah, A.C., and Nwufo, C.C. (2014). An examination of the privileges and immunities of diplomatic mission and their other members: A case of diplomatic lawlessness. Humanity, Jos Journal of General Studies. Vol. 7, No. 1.pp 263
Murphy, G., & Adetutu, F. (2012). Why Farida Waziri was fired. Daily Sun, November 24pp.6.
Nanaghan, B. (2011). Leave the EFCC alone. National Mirror, November 9. Retrieved from http://www.mationalmirrorline.com
Newswatch Magazine – Nigeria still a very corrupt country www.newstachngr.com/index. php % 3 fap... Retrieved 25/06/2012.
Nigeria – 10 years of transparency international monitoring… www.nigeriavillagesquare.com/articl...retrieved 25/06/2012.
Nigeria muse blog (2007, December 25th). Olusegun Obasanjo stole 2.4 trillion naira says CNPP Retrieved from www.nigeriamuse.com/offices/fraudwatch.
Nigerian Tribune. (2011). There’ll be no sacred cow – Jonathan. September, pp 2-4.
Njoku, U. J. (2007).Corruption and social change in Nigerian public service and the agency-structure debate. Retrieved March 18, 2012 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia www.hollerafrica.com>Home.
Nwachukwu, C & Alike, E. (2012). How N422bn was lost to Fuel Subsidy Fraud. Federal Government Committee Uncovers 17 infringements by Manseters. This Day, June 28pp. 1 & 6.
Nwosu, I. (2015). FG Charges Senate President. Daily sun. September 17, pp.6.
Obalonye, J.T. (2015, September 29). Dismantle safe havens for corrupt proceeds, Buhari urges world leaders. Daily Sun, p.7.
Odekunle, F. (1982). Nigeria: Corruption in development. Ibadan: University Press.
Odekunle, F., & Lame, I. (2000). Fighting corruption and organized crime in Nigeria: Challenges for the new millennium. Ibadan: Spectrum Books.
Ogundele, K. (2012). EFCC charges Sylvia with N2.45bn fraud, The Nation, February, 25 pp. 5.
Ogundele, K. (2012). Court order assembly to disclose lawmakers’ packages. The Nation, June 26, pp. 6.
Ojo, S. (2012). Waziri’s 42 months in EFCC. Daily Sun, November 24, pp.7.
Okocha, E. (2015). I came to bury Ceasar, not topraise Zik...Daily Sun, September 23, pp 49.
Olakanmi & Co (2006) Anti-corruption compendium. Abuja: Lawlords Publications.
Omipidan, I. et al. (2015:7). Labour in mass action over corruption: shuts down Abuja, other cities in support of anti-graft war. Daily Sun, September 11, pp.7.
Onyechere, I. (2004). High impact case studies of corruption and their lessons. Abuja: Ethics Resource Centre.
Onyejena, E. (2012). Disappointed by Farouk Lawan. This Day, June 2, pp. 18.
Osoba, S. (1996). Corruption in Nigeria: Historical perspectives. Review of African Political Economy, Vol. 23, No. 69, pp. 371-386.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03056249608704203
Our Milestone (2010). Anti-graft war: The impact is real. Nigeria’s Economic and Financial Crimes Commission, Vol. 1, No. 1, May 2010.
Ribadu, N. (2004). Anti-corruption management. Abuja: Ethics Resource Centre.
Siollun, M. (2008). Nigeria’s great speeches. The Home of Nigeria’s History and Contemporary Affairs. Retrieved 3/25/2015 from https://maxsiollun.wordpress.com/great-speeches-in-nigerias-history/
Transparency International, 2012-Global Corruption Report. www.transpreancy.org>home>what we do>research. Retrieved 5/09/2012
Transparency International, 2014-Global Corruption Report
Transparency International (2015). Corruption Perception Index 2014: Results. Retrieved September 29, 2015.
Tsa, G. (2015). Anti-graft war: CJN, NBA, divided over corrupt judges. Daily Sun, September 22, pp.8.
Umez, B. N. (2012). On the Fuel subsidy removal protests. The Punch, January 17, pp.16.
US agrees torecovernigeria’s stolen money-The Sun. Sunnewsonline.com/.../us-agrees-to-recov...(22 July 2015). Retrieved 2nd October 2015.
Wilmot, P. (2005). Nigeria: The nightmare scenario interventions VI. Ibadan: Book Craft.
Wright-Mills, C. (1958). Structure of power in American society. British Journal of Sociology, 9(1). Retrieved from http://www.(sub.edu/- akabede/soc502mills2.pdf.
Yesufu, K., and Itua, F. (2015). 2015 budget: FG blows illegal N222b on subsidy. Daily Sun, September 23, pp.3.
Yusuf, A. (2011). EFCC detains Bankole after dramatic arrest: How N10b loan was shared by ex-speaker. The Nation, June 6, pp.1&2.
Yusuf, A. (2012, March 21). EFCC arrests OSOPADEC chairman over alleged N61.63 b fraud. The Nation, p.6.
Yusuf, A. (2012). N4.56b ‘fraud’ trail: EFCC seizes ex-director’s houses. Expansion director loses hotel, filing stations. The Nation, March 27,pp.1&2.
Yusufu, A. (2012). ‘$620,000 Bribe’: Lawan Set for Legal Battle. The Nation, June 26,pp.6.
Yusufu, A. (2012, March 22). N40m Bribe: House, Secallege Document Forgery. The Nation, pp. 1.
Zero Tolerance (2008). 5th anniversary edition. The Magazine of Nigeria’s Economic and Financial Crimes Commission, Vol. 3, No. 1, March.
Zero Tolerance (2009). Anti-corruption revolution Kick Off. The Magazine of Nigeria’s Economic and Financial Crimes Commission, Vol. 4, No. 1, February
Zero Tolerance (2009). The new face of money laundering. The Magazine of Nigeria’s Economic and Financial Crimes Commission, Vol. 4, No. 2, July
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2016-04-26
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Lawrence, E. O. (2016). The Missing Links: Towards the Effective Management and Control of Corruption in Nigeria, Africa and the Global South. International Journal of Criminology and Sociology, 5, 25–40. https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2016.05.03
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