Usage of Saliva as Alternative Biological Fluid to Serum for Minerals, Energetic and Hormones Assessment in Lactating Egyptian Water Buffaloes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6000/1927-520X.2013.02.03.1Keywords:
Saliva, serum, buffalo, minerals, energetic, hormonesAbstract
Blood sample is the most common biological fluid utilized for diagnosis and monitoring of diseases. Saliva contains locally produced substances as well as serum component, so the aim of this study is to compare the profile of minerals, energetic and hormones in Egyptian water buffaloes. Blood serum and saliva samples were collected from 80 healthy multiparous, non- pregnant lactating Egyptian water buffaloes. Both fluids were tested for sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, insulin, cortisol, ACTH, glucose, urea, creatinine, total protein and immunoglobulin [IgA]. The results revealed that, serum concentrations of calcium, glucose, total protein, sodium, chloride, Insulin, cortisol, ACTH and IgA were significantly higher than saliva. In contrast, the concentrations of potassium and phosphorous in the saliva were significantly higher than that of serum. On the other hand no significant change in respect of urea, creatinine and magnesium was noted between saliva and serum. The relationships between saliva and serum of the estimated parameters were significantly positive except the concentrations of insulin in saliva and blood serum did not correlate. In conclusion, the saliva sample can be used in clinical practice with high level of reliability and provide non-invasive biological fluid for monitoring of different parameters in Egyptian water buffaloes.
References
Beal AM. Electrolyte composition of parotide saliva from sodium-related red kangaroos [Macropus Rufus]. J Exp Biol 1984; 111: 225-37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.111.1.225
Greenwood PL, Shutt DA. Salivary and plasma cortisol as an index of stress in goats. Australian Vet J 1992; 69: 161-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1992.tb07501.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1992.tb07501.x
Cook CJ, Jacobson LH. Salivary cortisol as an indicator of stress in sheep. N Z Vet J 1995; 43: 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00480169.1995.35902 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.1995.35902
Cook CJ. Basal and stress response cortisol levels and stress avoidance learning in sheep. N Z Vet J 1996; 44: 162-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00480169.1996.35964 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.1996.35964
Fenske M. Saliva cortisol and testosterone in the guinea pig: measures for the endocrine function of adrenals and testes. Steroids 1996; 61: 647-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0039-128X(96)00185-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-128X(96)00185-7
Elsaesser F, Klobasa F, Ellendorff F. ACTH stimulation test for the determination of salivary cortisol and of cortisol responses as markers of the training status/fitness of warm blood sports horses. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2001; 108: 31-6.
Cook CJ. Rapid noninvasive measurement of hormones in transdermal exudate and saliva. Physiol Behav 2002; 75: 169-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9384(01)00658-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9384(01)00658-8
Cohen S, Kessler RC, Gordon LU. Measuring stress. A guide for health and social scientists. Oxford Univ. Press New York, NY 1997.
Yates DT, Ross TT, Hallford DM, Yates LJ, Wesley RL. Technical notes: comparison of salivary and serum cortisol concentration after adrencorticotropic hormone challenge in ewes. J Anim Sci 2010; 88: 599-603. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2009-2204 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2009-2204
Fell LR, Shutt DA. Adrenocortical response of calves to transport stress as measured by salivary cortisol. Can J Anim Sci 1986; 66: 637-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas86-070 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4141/cjas86-070
Cooper TR, Trunkfield HR, Zanella AJ, Booth WD. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for cortisol in the saliva of man and domestic farm animals. J Endocrinol 1989; 123: R13-R16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.123R013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.123R013
Negra JA, Porcionato MA, de Passille AM, Rushen J. Cortisol in Saliva and Plasma of Cattle After ACTH Administration and Milking. J Dairy Sci 2004; 87: 1713-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73324-X DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73324-X
Riad-Fahmy D, Read GF, Walker RF, Griffiths K. Steroids in saliva for assessing endocrine function. Endocrinol Rev 1982; 4: 367-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/edrv-3-4-367 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/edrv-3-4-367
Fell LR, Shutt DA, Bentley CJ. Development of a salivary cortisol method for detecting changes in plasma “free” cortisol arising from acute stress in sheep. Aust Vet J 1985; 12: 403-406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1985.tb14120.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1985.tb14120.x
Parrott RF, Misson BH, Baldwin BA. Salivary cortisol in pigs following adrenocotrophic hormone stimulation: comparison with plasma levels. Br Vet J 1989; 145: 362-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0007-1935(89)90034-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-1935(89)90034-1
Vincent IC, Michell AR. Comparison of cortisol concentrations in saliva and plasma of dogs. Res Vet Sci 1992; 53: 342-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0034-5288(92)90137-Q DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-5288(92)90137-Q
Cook NJ, Schaefer AL, Lepage P, Morgan Jones S. Salivary vs. serum cortisol for the assessment of adrenal activity in swine. Can J Anim Sci 1996; 76: 329-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas96-049 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4141/cjas96-049
Blackshaw JK, Blackshaw AW. Limitations of salivary and blood cortisol determinations in pigs. Vet Res Commun 1989; 13: 265-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00420834 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00420834
Blair-West JR, Fernley JF, Nelson JF, Marelyn Wintour E, Wright RD. The effect of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors on the anionic composition of sheep's parotid saliva. J Physiol 1980; 299: 29-44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1980.sp013108
Burgen ASV, Emmelin NG. Physiology of salivary glands. London: Edward Arnold 1961.
Clark RC, Budtz–Otsen OE, Cross RB, Finnamore P, Bauert PA. The importance of the salivary glands in the maintenance of phosphorus homeostasis in the sheep. Australian J Agric Res 1973; 24: 913-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/AR9730913 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/AR9730913
Iqbal MU, Bilal Q, Muhammad G, Sajid MS. Absorption, availability, metabolism and excretion of phosphorus in ruminants. Inter J Agric Biol 2005; 7(4): 689-93.
Langley L, Grimes OR, Jr, Cockrell DF. Secretion of calcium and phosphate by the dog parotid gland. Am J Physiol 1961; 201: 599. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1961.201.4.599
Rothman SS, Brooks FP. Effect of hypercalcemia on salivary secretion in the dog. Am J Physiol 1963; 205: 79. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1963.205.1.79
Freeman RM, Welt LG. Parotid fluid calcium and phosphate levels in patients with hypercalcemia. Prec Soc Exp Biol Med 1965; 120: 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3181/00379727-120-30609 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-120-30609
Smith JC, Stewart WE. Effect of hypocalcemia on the calcium content of the parotide saliva of sheep. J Anim Sci 1968; 27: 1041-44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1968.2741041x
Fontenot JP, Ailen VG, Bunce GE, Goft JP. Factors influencing magnesium absorption and metabolism. J Anim Sci 1989; 67: 3445-55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1989.67123445x
Archetti IL, Amadori M, Donn A, Salt J, Lodetti E. Detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected cattle by
assessment of antibody response in oropharyngeal fluids. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33: 79-84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.33.1.79-84.1995
Salt JS, Mulcahy G, Kitching RP. Isotype-specific antibody responses to foot-and mouth disease virus in sera and secretions of "carrier' and "non-carrier' cattle. Epidemiol Infect 1996; 117: 349-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0950268800001539 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268800001539
Amadori M, Haas B, Moos A, Zerbini I. IgA response of cattle to FMDV infection in probang and saliva samples. Report of the Session of the Research Group of the Standing Technical Committee of the European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Borovets, Bulgaria, 5-8 September 2000. Rome: FAO, Appendix 2000; 9: 88-106.
Arati SP, Shirish SD, Rahul RB. Estimation of salivary glucose, salivary amylase, salivary total protein and salivary flow rate in diabetics in India. J Oral Sci 2010; 52(3): 359-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2334/josnusd.52.359 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2334/josnusd.52.359
Bakianian Vaziri P, Vahedi M, Mortazavi H, Abdollahzadeh Sh, Hajilooi M. Evaluation of salivary glucose, IgA and flow rate in diabetic patients: A-case- control study. Journal of Dentistry, Tehran University of |Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2010; 7(1): 13-18.
Kaufman E, Lamster IB. The diagnostic applications of saliva. A review. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2002; 13(2): 197-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154411130201300209 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/154411130201300209
Darwazeh AM, MacFalne TW, McCuish A, Lamey PJ. Mixed salivary glucose level and candidal carriage in patient with diabetes mellitus. J Oral Pathol Med 1991; 20(6): 280-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.1991.tb00928.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.1991.tb00928.x
Swanljumg O, Merman JK, Torkko H, Sandholm L, Kaprio E, Maenpaa J. Caries and saliva in 12-18 years old diabetics and controls. Scand J Dent Res 1992; 100(6): 310-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0722.1992.tb01077.x
Amer S, Yousuf M, Siddiqui PQR, Alam J. Salivary glucose concentrations in patients with diabetes mellitus- A minimally invasive technique for monitoring blood glucose levels. Paks J Pharmaceu Sci 2001; 14(1); 33-37.
Dua-K, Care AD. Secretion of magnesium and calcium in the total saliva of sheep and its relevance of hypomagnesaemia. Vet J 1998; 156: 217-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1090-0233(98)80126-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1090-0233(98)80126-3
Lewis D. Blood- Urea concentration in relation to protein untilization in the ruminant. J Agr Sci 1957; 48: 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600032962 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600032962
Berne RM. Physiology 5th. Ed. William R. Schmitt 2004.
Scicchitano R, Sheldraket RF, Husband AJ. Origin of immunoglobulins in respiratory tract secretion and saliva of sheep. Immunology 1986; 58: 315-21.
Fell LR, Shutt DA. Salivary cortisol and behavioural indicators of stress in sheep. Proc Aust Soc Anim Prod 1988; 17: 186-89.
AbdElghany H. Research study on magnesium deficiency in goats. Thesis of M.V.Sci. Benha Univ. Egypt 2000.
Bailey CB. Saliva secretion and its relation to feeding in cattle. The rate of secretion of mixed saliva in the cow during eating with an estimate of the magnitude of the total daily secretion of mixed saliva. Br J Nutr 1961; 15: 433-51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19610053
Silanikove N, Tadmor A. Rumen volume, saliva flow rate, and systemic fluid homeostasis in dehydrated cattle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 1989; 256: R809-R815. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1989.256.4.R809
Kiyma Z, Alexander BM, Van Kirk EA, Murdock WJ, Hallford DM, Moss GE. Effects of feed restriction on reproductive and metabolic hormones in ewes. J Anim Sci 2004; 82: 2548-57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2527/2004.8292548x
Keith EO, Ellis JE, Phillips RW, Dyer MEI, Ward GM. Some Aspects of Urea Metabolism in North American Bison. Acta Theriologica 1981; 26(14): 257-68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4098/AT.arch.81-21
Lloyd JE, Broughton A, Selby C. Salivary creatinine assays as a potential screen for renal disease. Ann Clin Biochem 1996; 33(Pt 5): 428-31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/000456329603300505
Kirschbaum C, Hellhammer D. Salivary cortisol in psychoneuroendocrine research: recent developments and applications. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1994; 19: 313-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-4530(94)90013-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4530(94)90013-2
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Policy for Journals/Articles with Open Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post links to their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work
